December 31, 2004

Basic services in Iraq: a proposal

I'm crashing on the deadline to write my increasingly lengthy Hizbullah piece for Boston Review. (Celebrated 'New Years Eve' at c. 11 p.m. last night. Go figure.)

So today, I was writing about Hizbullah's impressive work in the provision of basic public services. Since the party was actually born in mid-1980s in the turmoil of a blisteringly destructive war situation, I immediately thought: Hey, why didn't the Bush administration turn to these experienced pros to do the reconstruction/rebuilding job in Najaf, Sadr City, etc, instead of the US Army and Halliburton??

Okay, silly question, I know. But still, the contrast between H's record in Lebanon and that of the US reconstruction effort in Iraq is certainly informative.

Here's a fragment from what I've been writing:

    AUB professor Judith Palmer Harik has studied the party [Hizbullah] for many years now. She notes that in the chaotic, civil-war-ridden circumstances in which Hizbullah was born, its ability to provide basic social services in an effective manner-- and to provide them to all the residents in its areas of operation, not just to its followers-- won it considerable loyalty and respect. She writes that after Hizbullah took over effective control of the south-Beirut Dahiyeh [suburbs] in 1988, it almost immediately started providing a reliable trash-removal service there, and that it was a further five years before the corruption-plagued central government sent any garbage trucks into the Dahiyah at all. Moreover, writing in 2003, she noted that though the government's trash-removal efforts there still continued on a notably spotty basis, "Hezbollah still trucks out some 300 tons of garbage a day from the dahiyeh and treats it with insecticides to supplement the government's service."

    A similar situation existed regarding safe drinking water:
      During General Aoun's administration (1988-1990), water and electricity services in the dahiyeh were almost completely cut off due to fighting? Several wells dug by UNICEF in the area reportedly failed. With help from the Iranian government RC [the Hizbullah-affiliated "Reconstruction Campaign", or Jihad al-binaa] resolved this emergency by building 4,000-litre water reservoirs in each district? and filling each of them five times a day from continuously circulating tanker trucks. Generators mounted on trucks also made regular rounds from building to building to provide electricity to pump water from private cisterns? [In August 2001] Hezbollah still provides the major source of drinking water for dahiyeh residents.
    Right across the gamut of human services--whether in the provision of schools, hospitals, public health services, rural development services, revolving loan funds to support small businesses, income support projects for the poor, or low-income housing-- the story she tells has been the same: at a time when the Lebanese government was unable or unwilling to provide these services, Hizbullah and its affiliated organizations stepped in to do so; and even where the government did step into the field at a later date, the relevant ministries still relied on the fact that Hizbullah's organizations continued to actively pick up the slack.

    Harik provides some interesting glimpses into some of these activities, and presents as illustrative a report produced for the U.N. Economic and Social Commission for West Asia in 1999, that looked at the work of a sizeable rural development project run by the RC. She picked out a part of the ESCWA report that identified operational features of the RC project that, she felt, "dramatically collide with stereotypes of fundamentalist organizations as backward and perceptions of their leaders as ignorant fanatics." These features included:

      Looking at the leadership from technical, human and conceptual skills of the supervisors, the organization seems to be remarkably organized. Their knowledge and ability is based on experience and educational achievement and they are quite aware of management techniques and processes. Their ability to build teamwork is obvious. They are the moral and technical reference of the group.

      Although the number of employees is large (about 100), chains of command are short and communications in both direction strong... Written communication is strong and practised by all staff at all levels... Departments report progress on a weekly basis to the director-general who uses them to set meeting agendas; a four-day retreat which all employees attend is held annually in December...

      A well-known private consulting and engineering company... has been contracted to undertake on-the-job training for technical staff... Linkages with bilateral donors have resulted in training programmes financed by them. All staff is encouraged to attend and participate in all events, workshops, seminars, etc. organized in lebanon by the various NGOs, syndicates, and universities.

    It has recently become very hard to gain direct access to nearly all of Hizbullah's information resources on the internet. One URL that does still work at time of writing is that for the Hizbullah-affiliated Islamic Health Society, which describes its goal as being, "to bring the Lebanese community to health and social levels conducive to individuals' happiness and luxury in Lebanon according to the principles of Islam." The website reports that, acting in coordination with UNICEF and the national Ministries of Health and Education, the IHS was able during the 2001-2002 school year to provide health screenings to nearly 17,000 pupils in government schools and perform nearly 100,000 childhood inoculations in its three areas of operation: the Bekaa, Beirut, and south Lebanon. The site also reports on the provision of basic health services to 59 villages in the "liberated zone" of South Lebanon, and various other activites.

    Harik writes--and the people I talked with Lebanon all confirmed-- that Hizbullah's social-service affiliates and schools provide all their services on a low-cost basis to those Lebanese who need them, whether Muslim or Christian, and that subsidies are available for very low-income users. Many Christian parents send their children to Hizbullah-run schools, especially in the south where many of these schools are often judged to provide the best education available. The budgets for the schools and all the other service-provision organizations are met from a combination of sources: user fees, government subsidies (where available), donations from Iran, support from international development bodies, and allocations from the khums, the one-fifth share of one's income that a Shiite believer is obligated to pay to Islamic charitable organizations. One researcher told me that Hizbollah-related organizations now control the significant income stream constituted by khums donations made by the numerous Lebanese Shiite emigrés in West Africa.

    Harik writes that Hizbullah's commitment to, and success in, providing these services on a continuing basis is quite unique among the political parties in Lebanon. She notes, too, that its success in this sphere has-- in conjunction with the skill its political operatives have shown in their dealings with most other parts of the Lebanese body politic-- helped to build and buttress a sturdy base of political support for it in many parts of the country...

I only got Harik's book yesterday, and I've found it a good read. Luckily, from my point of view, she's not overly theoretical-- even though she's a political "scientist". But she's been around in Lebanon for long enough that she's able to present some really illuminating little vignettes, and she's clearly a thoughtful person.

I think the book can't have been an easy one for her to write. She notes in the preface that she was a new professor at AUB in 1982 when Israel invaded Lebanon. And in the years that followed, "Like all Americans living and working in Beirut at the time, I was deeply affected by acts of terrorism said to have been ordered by the Islamic Republic of Iran and carried out by locals about whom very little was known at the time... "

Nonetheless, in admirably objective fashion she evidently set aside her own fears, distrust, and apprehensions enough to try to understand the workings of this new force that--with Iranian help-- was bursting onto the political scene in Lebanon in those years.

Her book came out last April. More recently it's been joined on the lists by one from her AUB colleague Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh. So far, I prefer hers. His is thin by comparison, and overly loaded with poli-"sci" jargoneering.

Also, while I'm talking about this issue out in the blogosphere, I'd love to know if any of you readers has any idea what's been happening to the broad range of websites that Hizbullah used to have.

If you go to this very handy-looking portal on the Arab gateway site, it looks as though it would take you to some Hizbullah-related sites that could be a great boon for anyone (like me!) who's doing research on the topic against a tough deadline.

But most of the links given there in the collection of "Hizbullah websites" don't actually lead anywhere. I don't know when that portal-page was compiled, or how long it's been since those sites were down. Also, I have a whole list of "Hizbullah" URLs from another researcher, and none of them leads anywhere, either.

Does anyone out there know what happened?

The only three Hizbullah-related sites I've found that aren't down are the one for their weekly paper, Al-Intiqad, which is a pretty good site in Arabic but definitely lacking in the English-language department... And then we have this site which is the "personal" website of Hizbullah Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah. It's quite well organized in both Arabic and English, though it's not as up-to-date as I'd like. Then, there's the one I linked to above for the Islamic Health Society. But that one seems to cover only certain public-health type things that the IHS does, and doesn't have much info at all about the large hospitals and other health-related things that Hizbullah does.

Anyway, let me know via a comment here if you have info or any clues as to what's happening with the Hizbullah URLs there. Thanks!

Posted by Helena Cobban at 11:40 PM | Comments (8)

New year, new possibilities

Great news from President Bush, who has decided to increase tenfold, to $350 million, the amount of aid his administration will be giving to survivors of the Indian ocean tsunami.

We probably shouldn't let up in our efforts to persuade the Prez to re-order his priorities towards global neighborliness and away from the waging of war (principally); but away the staging of extravagant parties, as well.

But still, it's important to recognize that the guy has now made a dramatic change in his approach. Thank you, President Bush.

So, what other welcome changes of heart and of policy might we expect in the year ahead? Here are some of my dreams:

    ** That the Palestinian elections of January 9 go off well, and that inside both the Israeli and Palestinian communities the desire for a realistic but generous peace starts to mount, unstoppably.

    I've been writing a bit recently about the incredible peace movement that existed in Israel in the early 1980s, and then about the Israeli "Four Mothers" peace movement that persuaded the Israeli government to pull its military clear out of Lebanon in May 2000. Where are these Israeli peace movements today? The concessions and momentum can't all come from the Palestinian side.

    Let's hope we see a joyful re-emergence of the pro-peace forces from both sides of the line in the months ahead. But realistically, the Israeli peaceniks are much better placed to turn the tide of history and decisionmaking these days than their Palestinian counterparts. History surely calls on them to do so.

    ** That the Iraqi elections of January 30 go off "sufficiently" peaceably, and "sufficiently" fairly-- with the criteria for fairness there being principally that the Sistanist (UIA) list be declared the winner, rather than Allawi's list-- and then, that the results are not subject to endless, divisive contestation...

    All the indicators I've seen point to the probability of a strong UIA victory. But the temptation to the US hawks to somehow steal the election for "their son-of-a-bitch", Allawi, must I imagine be very strong. Plus, the potential for vote stealing-- in a situation where the security conditions on the ground are chaotic, there are no credible domestic or international observers deployed, and the votes of the large numbers of overseas Iraqis will all be flown to Jordan for counting-- will be very high.

    So the potential for subsequent contestations of the election's validity will be equally high, too.

    Can the Bush administration find a way to swallow its pride and live with a strongly pro-Sistani government in power in Iraq? It won't be easy. Sistani and as far as I know just about everyone in the UIA coalition remain committed to working for a speedy withdrawal of all the US troops. But my dream is that the Bushies find a way to deal with this quite legitimate and justified demand, and comply. (Anyway, the consequences of them failing to find a rapid and decent way out of Iraq are horrible to contemplate.)

    ** That in the contest of finding a cover for its "redeployment offshore" from Iraq, the Bush administration rediscover the value of having a robust UN system, and rediscover a US role within the UN that is more in line with current international realities.

    Back in the days of the Clinton administration, Madeleine Albright used to boast about how the US was "the indispensable nation." Now, things look quite a bit different than that. I dream that someone--though I still can't figure out whw-- within the Bush team rediscover something more like the US's true weight within the global community, and change the country's approach to the rest of the world in line with that.

    ** Okay, and now we're really steamin', I dream that 2005 is the year when policymakers in the US, the EU, and all the world's rich countries will suddenly understand how harmful their current, very protectionist policies in the international markets for staples like basic foodstuffs and cotton have truly been for the billions of people who live in poor nations-- and will move to end those policies.

    Oxfam has been producing some great-looking analysis on how the subsidies that rich governments give to "their" farmers-- and here, we're talking mainly about big agro-business getting these subsidies, not the proverbial "family farmer"-- have resulted in the systematic dumping in world markets of commodities at prices that have already wiped out many farmers in poor countries.

    Oxfam has a great campaign underway to Make Trade Fair. You can go here to find out more about it. Moreover, they back up the campaign with well-written, clear pieces of policy analysis. Some of the news they put out in 2004 looked modestly optimistic. Like this report on a recent WTO ruling that found that US subsidies to cotton framers, and "expert credits" provided to cotton farmers and producers of other basic commodities, had all violated WTO rules and should be ended.

    That report was called, "Dumping: the beginning of the end?" Let's make sure that in the year ahead we do what we can to end such harmful practices, and help to "Make Trade Fair."

Okay, that's my short list of dreams for 2005, for now. Readers, please add your own.

And a very Happy New Year to all of you! Thanks for making JWN into something a lot more lively and a lot less lonely than it would have been without y'all.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 10:08 PM | Comments (4)

December 29, 2004

Relief, not parties!

The Red Cross is now saying that more than 100,000 of our fellow humans may have died already in the Indian Ocean tsunami. In the days ahead many more scores-- perhaps hundreds-- of thousands may die unless vital water-purification, medical, and other urgent relief supplies can reach them.

In the months and years ahead entire communities along those damaged coastlines may be wiped out unless solid, long-term reconstruction efforts can be organized.

President Bush has thus far pledged just $35 million of US funds to help meet these needs.

That compares with the more than $250 million per day that his administration is spending on waging a destructive quagmire of a war in Iraq.

Or, with the $30 million to $40 million that AP estimates his January 19 inauguration party will cost.

We could start creating our own little "tsunami" of protest at these outrageous priorities. My friend Jean Newsom-- whose spouse, David, was formerly the US Ambassador to Indonesia-- suggests that Bush's inaugural festivities could be canceled and the sums saved sent immediately to help the relief effort.

I invite you to join me in calling the White House-- +1-202-456-1414-- and voicing this excellent suggestion to the comment-takers there. While you're about it you might also urge the President to call for a humanitarian ceasefire in all the conflicts in Asia-- and yes, that includes Iraq-- so the world community can focus on the massive logistical, relief, and rebuilding challenges around the Indian Ocean.

If you're a US citizen, you can also urge these policies on your representives in the U.S. Congress. If you don't know how to contact them, go to this webpage, punch in your zipcode, and get all the info there.

If you want to make a useful donation to the relief effort-- from the US or anywhere else-- or want more info about it, go to this great site, which has truly multinational info, available in a number of languages...

By the way, this site, the South-East Asia Earthquake and Tsunami site is an incredible achievement of the blogosphere. It is organized as a blog, and was only started in the evening (India time) of December 27. Since then it's been getting around 100 main posts per day, along with numerous 'comments' offering or seeking additional info. Many of the authors there seem to be Indians, but they have lots from Europe, the US, and elsewhere too.

What an amazing way to exchange information in a very timely fashion!

For example, one of the most recent posts notes that:

    Dr. Pornthip Rojanasuand and a team of Forensic experts from the Central Forensic Institute in Bangkok are racing against time in collecting DNA/hair samples of unidentified bodies before burial or cremation. She has vowed to not let a single body be cremated or buried without proper DNA collection for further identification.

    The sheer number of bodies in various states of decay have made their task all but impossible. The team has issued calls for help to forensic specialists from outside the country. So far, a team of specialists from the United Kingdom has answered the call for help.

This post invites anyone who's a forensic specialist who can offer to help to email Dr. P.R.'s team.

... Well, there are lots of other things the folks on that site are in need of, too, so check it out.

Also, if you can join the little 'tsunami' of people trying to urge George Bush & Co. to re-order their priorities, that would be great. And pass this post on if you can!

---

[Update, Dec 30: My original post, above, spurred the posting of a flurry of comments remarking mainly on a claim that "Sri Lanka, in a fit of racist pique, declined significant assistance from Israel." Thanks to all who commented on that. But I thought the discussion took up[ too much space on the main Comments board, so I've moved that discussion over here, for anyone who wants to read it. Comments on other topics more related to the main post are now welcome.]

Posted by Helena Cobban at 08:27 PM | Comments (8)

December 28, 2004

Fear (and a glimmer of hope) in Iraq?

Monday's attack against the Baghdad headquarters of the (Shiite) Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, which killed 13 SCIRI members, was only the latest in a long string of acts of extremely deadly, specifically anti-Shiite, violence in Iraq which seem intended to try to stir up a desire for Shiite revenge against the Sunnis and thus to a total breakdown of trust between members of the two groups.

So far, that plan seems not to have completely succeeded. For example, on Monday, Al-Hayat reported that the (Sunni) Association of Muslim Scholars was holding meetings with some of the Shiite members of Ayatollah Sistani's big "Unified Iraqi Alliance" electoral list.

In that report, the AMS was also said to be offering to urge its followers to participate in the voting-- provided a firm deadline could be established for the withdrawal of the occupation forces from Iraq...

This latter condition is, it seems to me, unlikely to be met by the Americans any time prior to the January 30 polls. However, it is quite possible that the Shiites in the UIA list with whom the AMS has been talking might be ready to promise the AMS that, after winning, they will certainly stress the need for an early timetable for American withdrawal.

I was very interested to read that report in Monday's Hayat, and wonder why it didn't get picked up anywhere else. [I'll put my translation of the relevant excerpt further down in this post.] Many others did, of course, pick up the the report that the (Sunni) Iraqi Islamic Party affiliated with Adnan Pachachi had decided to pull out of the elections.

But to me, the report about the AMS signals that there is still some possibility for Shiite-Sunni coordination in Iraq, despite all the many efforts that have been made to stir up tensions between the two groups.

Monday's attack against SCIRI seemed intended to kill SCIRI head Abdel-Aziz Hakim. He escaped alive. But a massive precursor attack, in Najaf in August 2003, killed his brother Ayatollah Muhammad Baqr al-Hakim along with around 100 of his supporters. Other very suspicious large-scale attacks against Iraqi Shiites have included large bombs at mosques in both Najaf and Kerbala and the killing a couple of months ago of 49 Shiite police recruits.

Who is masterminding these attacks?

So far, the evidence seems very sketchy and inconclusive. The Sunni, Palestinian-Jordanian extremist Abu Mus'ab al-Zarqawi has been blamed for many of them, and certainly the level of his anti-election rhetoric, plus the record of his other acts of violence, makes it very plausible that he is responsible for some of the anti-Shiite violence. (This, in view of the fact that it's the Shiites who are the most ardent supporters of the election process, and the group that stands to gain the most from its successful completion.)

Now, however, a spokesman for Muqtada Sadr called Abu Zarr al-Kanani has accused the Americans of bringing former Saddam-era intelligence operatives back into the "new" Iraqi secret services and allowing-- or perhaps even encouraging-- them to resume the ghastly Saddamist practice of assassinating Shiite leaders. (Sadr himself, I note, has been accused of involvement in the April 2003 killing of Ayatollah Abdel-Majid al-Khoi.)

Anyway, this is what Al-Hayat's Basel Muhammed is reporting from Baghdad in Wednesday's paper:

Baghdad, Basel Muhammad, December 28, 2004:

... Abu Zarr al-Kanani, the official spokesman for the "Mahdi Army", the military wing of the Sadrist current in Baghdad, accused the new Iraqi secret-police services of playing a role in the the operations of assassinating Shiite leaders. He said to al-Hayat that the return of some of the leaders of the former Iraqi secret-police services into the security services once again had allowed for the crystallization of this role.
Kanani added, "The American secret services absolutely do not want to see an Islamic government, whether Shiite or Sunni, taking over the premiership in Iraq, and that has led them to take up a direct part in assassinating Shiite and Muslim leaders." He continued, "We in the Sadrist stream are aware of this goal and precautionary measures have been taken to protect the life of the Shiite leader Muqtada al-Sadr and to assure his wellbeing."
Additionally, sources in the Islamic Daawa (Call) Party, which is SCIRI's essential partner in the Unified Iraqi Alliance electoral list revealed that the Shiite leaders had recently learned of the existence of a targeted list for killing the most prominent personalities on this (UIA) list, and it includes Abdel-Aziz al-Hakim [head of SCIRI] and Ibrahim Ja'fari [head of the Daawa Party] and Hadi al-Amery [head of the Badr Brigades, affiliated with SCIRI], and Abdel-Karim al-Anezi, a member of the politburo of the Daawa Party-- Iraq Organization, and Hussein al-Shahristani; all this without defining the party that is planning to carry out these killings.
And here, while we're about it, is the report from Monday's Al-Hayat about the AMS's positions:

Baghdad, Al-Hayat, December 27, 2004:
... At the same time that news reports were emerging about Washington's attempt to impose a "quota" of Sunnis on the parliament, something that the Independent Higher Commission for the Elections refused, the Association of Muslim Scholars revealed its readiness to "persuade" Sunni groups and individuals to participate in the elections in return for the fixing of a timetable for the withdrawal of the occupation forces, pointing to the fact that "even the UN is not persuaded about [the advisability of?] these elections", in their current form....
Abdel-Salam al-Kubaisi, a member of the AMS, stressed in a discussion with al-Hayat that the association is holding meetings with Shiite figures, some of whom are participants in the "Unified Iraqi Alliance" list put together by Sistani, with the goal of crystallizing a unified position toward the elections, "that will serve the interests of all." And Kubaisi said that, "the UN itself is not convinced by these elections and it is giving their results very little importance," adding that the elections will be "American."
(The Iraqi Press Monitor folks are taking the week off, so I'm even more motivated to do some of my own translations here.)

Finally, I just want to note that, laudable though it might perhaps be at some level for American officials to start worrying about trying to fine-tune the results of next month's elections, still, the fundamental fact remains that it really should be none of their business, whatsoever. As if it wasn't bad enough that they locked into place all the ground-rules for the voting in the first place-- now, they want to suddenly leap back in and try to fiddle with (gerrymander) the results??

It looks as though either, (a) they've only just, at this late date, realized that the elections are much more likely to bring into power a leadership opposed to their own longterm "plans" for Iraq than they are to return their own former Baathist puppet Allawi to power, and that "protecting the Sunnis' interests" might be a good pretext for gerrymandering the results; or (b) that they don't feel they can "trust" the Shiites of the UIA to treat the Sunnis well after a presumed UIA victory.

(b) is the more charitable interpretation there. Personally, for a number of reasons, I currently incline toward (a). But either way, I think that at this point everyone who is not Iraqi should just butt completely out of the whole discussion about trying to improve the "modalities" of these elections.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 10:54 PM | Comments (4)

December 27, 2004

Tragedy in Asia

Such terrifying pictures and information coming out regarding yesterday's Indian Ocean tsunami. They remind me of the urgency of us all starting to think and act like a single world community. The BBC has been reporting-- so far-- some 23,000 people known to have been killed. But the numbers are certainly rising.

So many people killed; their families bereaved. So many more badly injured. So many more again left homeless or otherwise vulnerable to the rapid spread of disease. So many hundreds of thousands of families' and communities' lives ruptured forever.

Human beings have incredible resilience. But if we were all, truly, a single human family, wouldn't the leaders of the rich countries all now set aside their pursuit of marginal advantage here or there and say, "Yes! This where we can all pull together to make a difference!"

Instead of which, the Bush administration has announced it will contribute just $15 million worth of aid to the relief effort. A tragically small amount. And this, just a week after it marked the approach of Christmas by saying it would anyway be cutting back on huge amounts of emergency aid previously earmarked for the world's poorest nations...

All this, while it continues to spend more than $250 million each day on waging the war in Iraq.

It's obscene.

Why can't the world's leaders call an Asia-wide ceasefire-- a ceasefire of all the conflicts now going on in the Asia-Pacific region, including those in Iraq, Sri Lanka, and elsewhere? Let's call in the UN to regulate and resolve all those conflicts; and concentrate meanwhile on delivering all the longterm development aid that the storm-hit communities will need over the next five years.

I think that's what a true "family" would do, don't you?

And while we're about it, if we were all one family, why would the Western media want to continue with its childishly self-centered focus on the problems that the storm surges have brought to westerners merely vacationing in what these media routinely refer to as "holiday islands"? As though these shore-side locations are not, more importantly, the permanent homes of many thousands times more numerous gatherings of human being who just happen not to be western, not to have white skins?

At least that majority of the western tourists who have survived these storms have intact homes to go back to. But how about the indigenous people of Sri Lanka, Thailand, Aceh, and the other hard-hit places? What has happened to the homes and lives of those people is a hundred times more devastating.

But there on the BBC t.v. feed this evening were the anchor (Mike Embley) and one of the correspondents, a white guy in Sri Lanka, blithely conflating the categories of "people" and "western tourists" as though no-one who didn't fall into that latter category really counted as "people" at all....

As in this exchange (as I remember it):

    Embley: I gather that people have been told to make their way from Galle to the capital, Colombo?

    Correspondent: Yes, people have been told that that's the only way out. And in case they've lost their travel documents, the British Embassy is opening a special office to issue documents that will allow them to get home...

And only after that extraordinarily solipsistic exchange did the two of them start to talk about the very much larger numbers of Sri Lankans who had been even harder hit by the tsunami's waves.

If the BBC wants to be taken seriously as a global means of communication, it will certainly have to do do a lot better than that.

Meanwhile there are, as always, important lessons to be remembered about the contribution that sound local governance can make to the ability of communities to withstand and survive horrifying natural disasters. Last September I noted a few contrasts between the way that Cuba and Haiti were able to deal with the after-effects of that season's hurricanes in the Caribbean. (Cuba: fairly well. Haiti: abominably poorly.) This time around, we can certainly forecast that this disaster will place a huge strain on the national governments in all the affected countries. How well will they deal with this? Let's see.

There are some things, though, that money can and do should for all the affected communities. One is to set up decent, region-wide, technical early-warning systems-- like they have in the Pacific but not, sadly, until now in the Indian Ocean. Another worthwhile thing (which also requires good local administration, in addition to some resources) is to make sure there's a sound, well-rehearsed plan for responding to any warnings that come along.

Those are all great things to do over the long and medium terms. But first: can't we all just start thinking a little like a single human family, and get our priorities and attitudes in line with that? Imagine what a wonderful, warm, and high-achieveing "family" this could be, and what we could all become together!

I mourn that this has not happened yet. But mainly, right now, I'm mourning for all the people whose lives have been lost or torn apart by this storm. All that amazing human potential, all that concentrated human loving-kindness and wisdom: gone, agonizingly, just like that. And their loved ones mourning, picking up, and having to carry on.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 08:55 PM | Comments (9)

December 26, 2004

Quakers, simplicity, and Christmas

I belong to the "unprogramed" strand of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), which means that when we come together to worship we do so very simply indeed. We have a square, undecorated worship space that every Sunday is opened up twice for people who want to come to pray or meditate together for an hour while we wait for the leadings of the Spirit of Love. Nothing "programed" or pre-planned happens during that hour at all. Sometimes, we'll sit there for the full hour and no-one will feel led to speak. Sometimes, several people will speak.

In my early experiences of this way of worshiping I found it rather strange, since I'd grown up in the Anglican church. What, no music? No stained glass? No incense? No liturgy? No priest? No 'communion'? Just-- us?

Then, I really started to love unprogramed Quaker worship-- for its simplicity, its inclusiveness, its surprises and riches, and its continual, experienced affirmation of the ability of every person to dig deep and discover the workings of love inside themselves.

One part of the way we worship and are organized is that we don't have any priests, or-- as George Fox, the founder of Quakerism in England in the 17th century, called them-- "hireling ministers". Nor do we have churches ("steeple houses"). This helps us to live out the Quaker testimony of simplicity. We don't have to raise huge amounts of money to pay for the upkeep of grandiose palaces of worship or the salaries of church officials. We are a network of worship communities ("meetings"), each of which governs itself through a monthly "Meeting for worship with a concern for business."

Another part of the way we worship is that we don't stick to--or indeed, have any need for-- a liturgical calendar. Not for us the massive Christmas-related extravaganzas that many Christian churches here and elsewhere organize. Our Quaker meeting here in Charlottesville, Virginia does have a tradition of having someone open our meeting house for worship twice on Christmas Eve-- once at 7:30 p.m., and once at 11 p.m.-- and inviting anyone who wants to join a special , one-hour-long meeting for worship at those times to do so. In what some of us think is a slightly un-Quakerly, possibly even liturgical, gesture, participants traditionally each take a candle to the worship; and the candles are placed together in a group on the floor in the middle of the bare, square meeting space...

Well, that's as complicated as it gets for us, at Christmas. I find there's something incredibly powerful about commemorating the birth of Jesus of Nazareth, who was such a powerful teacher and role-model. Something powerful, too, about celebrating a birth at this time of year, which in our northern hemisphere is a time of long nights, biting cold, and biological dormancy: how heartening to be reminded that new life, new hope, is on the way!

Quakers are one of a number of pacifist Christian churches here in the USA (and elsewhere). These churches-- Quakers, Mennonites, Church of the Brethren, Amish, etc.-- all have long histories and traditions. Most are descended from peace-church communities that originally came here to the US to escape strong discrimination or even persecution back home in in Europe. They (we) draw on the original, pacifist teachings of the Christian gospels while setting aside teachings that came into the "Christian" establishment much later, in the times of Augustine of Hippo, that allow for the idea that a war might be considered "just", etc., etc.

Here in Charlottesville we have good congregations of the Mennonite church and the Church of the Brethren. We also have many fine members and leaders in other Christian churches who are-- along with a great bunch of Jewish people and people of no particular religious affiliation-- strong activists in the local peace movement, the Charlottesville Center for Peace and Justice.

On Thursday evening, December 23, I was downtown participating in CCPJ's weekly rush-hour peace vigil on the busy corner outside the local Federal Government office building. Our country so badly needs a strong reminder of the essentials of Jesus's teachings about the need for love and nonviolence right now! I was holding up two signs, back-to-back: "Honk for peace" on one side; "Support our troops, bring them home!" on the other.

We got so many honks, and friendly waves, from passing motorists, you couldn't believe it! At times throughout the hour, it seemed that 50% or more of motorists were honking. I particularly appreciate the guys who drive the city's semi-touristy "trolley"-type buses. When they "honk" for us, they clang their trolleys' bells loud and repeatedly as they cross that busy intersection. On Thursday, those clangs sounded incredibly festive!

From my long experience on that peace vigil, I can say that we get a particularly high proportion of supportive honks from African-American motorists, and a somewhat lower proportion from white motorists; a higher proportion from drivers coming into the intersection from the industrial areas south of town than from drivers coming in along the other three approaches to it; and an extremely low level of any hostile gestures at all. Last Thursday, amidst maybe 300-500 honks and friendly waves, I discerned only one gesture that seemed hostile, and that only ambiguously so.

Well, being on the peace vigil Thursday felt to me like a great, Christmas-related activity. Going to the earlier of the Christmas Eve worship sessions on Friday evening also felt like an inspiring, centering thing to do. Then yesterday, Bill and Lorna and I started our Christmas Day by opening our family Christmas presents under the small, gaily decorated cedar tree in our family room. In the afternoon we spent a large-ish chunk of time cooking. Lorna is a deeply convinced vegetarian, so we had decided to cook four or five of the vegetarian recipes from the Lebanese cookbook she gave me for Christmas last year, and produce them in time for a festive dinner for the three of us. (Neither of my older two kids could be with us for Christmas, but we had lovely phone calls from them in the morning.)

I find that cooking something you've never cooked before is always a little iffy. Like the first time we tried to make falafel from that cookbook, back in January... (Don't ask!) There are especially lots of "unknown unknowns" if you're trying to combine recipes or make substitutions to account for vegetarianism, as we were. But it all worked out unbelievably well! This was our main course: Eggplant and chickpea stew; Burghul-stuffed tomatoes and zucchinis; Feta-cheese bread (made from scratch); and Lebanese-style potato omelettes. Oh, and along the way there we also baked a double batch of chocolate cookies that had chocolate drizzled across the top of them and crushed candy-canes strewn on top of that...

Okay, I hear you say: Some of that doesn't sound very simple. But I can tell you it was fun. Cooking together as a family is always a good thing to do! Plus, we now have a refrigerator full of fabulous left-overs.

Anyway, I guess what I also wanted to write about here is the fact that the generally "simple" way that Quakers try to organize our religious commitments and practice gives us one particular blessing that not even the members of the other historic peace churches enjoy: We still have plenty of time left over, even at Christmas or Easter, to do the pro-peace work that many of us feel led to do.

Around five or six years ago, for example, we learned that our state, the (inappropriately named) "Commonwealth" of Virginia, was planning to execute five people during the upcoming month of April. What an outrage! We had quite a good network of anti-death penalty people here at the time, including many people from different churches. But most of the rest of them were very busy in March/April, organizing "Lent" activities and making their plans for the big "Holy Week" and "Easter" services.

Lent? Holy Week? Easter? These calendar constructs mean almost nothing to most Quakers. For us, every day, every minute of every day, is holy. Certainly, even if these concepts mean something to some people in our meeting, still, there is nothing that the Quaker meeting as a whole needs to do in order to plan special liturgies for these points on the calendar, or whatever... That year, we did nearly all the organizing that was needed for an awareness-raising campaign around the death penalty that was as broad and as public as we could make it.

Okay, I'll admit it freely. We didn't succeed in stopping even one of those executions. We didn't succeed in stopping the state's practice of capital punishment. And regarding this present war our country's in, not all the whole weight of the anti-war movement in this country succeeded in preventing it from happening. Nor have we held the Bush administration folks back from continuing to commit additioanl outrages like the most recent (and quite avoidable) assault on Fallujah.

But we carry on trying. (For my part, I find that the Buddhist teaching of "non-attachment to the fruits of one's labors" is a real powerful teaching in this regard as in many others. When's Buddha's birthday, anyway?)

And as we carry on trying to point out the tragedy and the essential folly of using violence in world affairs, at least we Quakers are not held back in our efforts by any extravagantly unnecessary and diversionary calls that our religious commitment might make on our time and our resources.

Maybe that fact, and the ability of earlier generations of US Quakers to focus on the moral/existential essentials of the world, was what enabled those Quakers to play such a strong, galvanizing role in the anti-slavery movement in this country?

So, we Quakers were "right" on the fundamental immorality of slavery. When will we manage to persuade the rest of our American compatriots that we are "right" today on the fundamental immorality (and the disutility) of war?

Posted by Helena Cobban at 10:59 AM | Comments (7)

December 24, 2004

Palestinian municipal elections

AP's Ali Daraghmeh is reporting that Hamas did pretty well in the small-scale municipal elections held in the occupied Palestinian territories yesterday. Indeed, Hamas did better than I'd expected in those elections, which were held in just 26 of the OPT's more than 600 local jurisdictions.

Those elections were an important "test" of the good faith-- in the run-up to the January 9 OPT-wide "presidential" race-- of all the parties concerned: not only Fateh and Hamas, but also, crucially, the Israelis. Indeed, can the Palestinians or anyone else have trust in the January 9 vote if it is held while Israel still holds unchallenged control over all major aspects of the security situation within the OPTs?

The jury is still definitely out on that, given Israel's arrests of numerous candidates in the municipals and the steps it's already taken to obstruct free campaigning in the presidential race.

Daraghmeh writes that, according to early results he'd seen, Hamas won nine of yesterday's 26 contests, and Fateh 14, with two of the races won by a joint Hamas-Fateh list and one-- Ya'bed-- still unreported. (He notes that in some cases interpreting the results requires a lot of local knowledge.)

For their part, Hamas claimed to have won 17 of the contests, so evidently both the major parties were claiming victory in some places.

Why was I surprised?

I admit haven't been following the story as closely as it deserved. But the 26 widely scattered communities, where just 150,000 registered voters live, are all in the West Bank, where Fateh and the other more secular parties are much stronger relative to the Islamic parties than in Gaza. (This foretells some interesting times for Gaza in the event of an Israeli withdrawal from there.)

    [Also, in a later AP wire story, the respected Palestinian analyst Dr. Ali Jerbawi, a former head of the Palestinian Election Commission, was quoted as saying: "This is an outstanding result for Hamas... The 26 localities were selected from the beginning (as) strongholds of Fatah. So the results should have been more for Fatah than Hamas.'']
On the other hand, maybe I shouldn't have been surprised. We already learned yesterday that turnout was unexpectedly high in the polls. A high turnout probably meant a strong mobilization from the pro-Hamas voters.

Khalid Amayreh had a good, detailed report on Al-Jazeera (and Electronic Intifada) yesterday, writing about how the election campaign had proceeded in the small town of Dahiriya, near Hebron. He noted that for many years, the Israeli occupation authorities had simply handpicked the town's mayor. Back in 1976, the Israelis experimented with holding a municipal election there (as elsewhere in the West Bank). But when pro-PLO people won, they froze that whole approach and reverted to a system of appointments. They also summarily deported a number of the mayors elected on that occasion. ("Israel, the great democracy!")

Then, after the PLO/PA got some limited governance rights after the 1993 Oslo Accord, they simply continued the Israeli practice of appointing municipal leaders... Amayreh writes that they did this,

    mainly because the Palestinian leadership, along with Israel and the US, feared that supporters of the Islamic Resistance Movement, Hamas, would win if truly democratic elections were held.
So altogether, holding elections for the municipalities is a good step toward democratization of life for the Palestinians. But the PA evidently decided to do it v-e-r-y---s-l-o-w-l-y indeed.

Amayreh also reports:

    Earlier this month, the Israeli army arrested four Islamist candidates in Dahiriya, apparently in order to undermine their list's chances of winning.

    However, Rakad Abu Allan, an Islamist candidate, predicts that the midnight arrest would boomerang and make more people vote for the bloc. "I think many people are viewing the arrests as a certificate of good conduct for us. I am sure more people will give us their votes on the election day," he said.

Israel, arresting candidates in a democratic Palestinian election? What kind of behavior is that? Where's the outrage in the US? (Silly question, Helena.)

Actually, y'all should go read the whole of Amayreh's piece. It does not bode well for all those pinning their hopes on Abu Mazen being an ultra-submissive peace negotiator. He writes:

    During Aljazeera.net's tour [that is, his own] of three Palestinian towns in the Hebron region where elections will take place on Thursday, it saw little infatuation with Abu Mazin. There was not a single portrait of him anywhere.

    Fatah leaders sought to dodge this observation, arguing that Abbas [Abu Mazen] was not yet a leader but that when and if he was elected, his picture would be everywhere. However, the unspoken words of many Fatah activists indicated that support for Abbas is lukewarm at best. One young man apparently could not keep his feelings suppressed.

    He called Abu Mazin America's candidate, adding that he would not vote for him on 9 January. The fact that the activist was not rebuked by the Fatah multitude is telling.

    A middle-aged Fatah activist sought to explain what seemed to be a widespread ambivalence toward Abu Mazin, especially among the movement's grassroots supporters and its younger generations. "Look, many people here are worried that Abu Mazin might deviate from our national constants.

    "But I assure you that any Palestinian leader, even if elected, who chooses to compromise on these paramount issues will not live to regret his folly."

I just note, since it's time I got back to writing about Hizbullah, that the political strategy being followed by Hamas in Palestine bears many parallels with that that Hizbullah has pursued with great success in Lebanon over the past 14 years. Hizbullah has not so far sought national-level leadership-- including, it has never been part of the really corrupt horse-trading process by which Lebanese ministerial posts are filled. But it has meanwhile steadily built up its political base by competing in parliamentary and municipal-level elections.

In parliament, it has striven to hold the national government to some degree of popular account. (A tough job!) And at the municipal level it has been quite happy to take over actual governance, striving to persuade additional voters through its performance there that it will one day be quite qualified to run an efficient and politically accountable administration at the national level.

In Palestine, Hamas is not fielding its own candidate in the "presidential" race on January 9. But it-- like Marwan Barghouthi and many of the other younger activists in Fateh-- layes great stress on the speedy holding of demonstrably fair elections for the Palestinians' (rump) parliament and the remaining 600 municipalities.

... Well, not long now till January 9. The Israelis have promised that they will "stay out of the Palestinian towns for 72 hours" during and around the time of that election. This is meant to sound like a sign of their "generosity", "good faith", and "support for democratic practice"?

But why only 72 hours? Why on earth not make it open-ended? And-- in order to have the Palestinians actually enjoying freedom of association and freedom of movement for a meaningful period of time in the lead-up to the elections-- why not have it start now, as well as be open-ended?

After all, if it is not "fatal" to the security of Israelis to have the IDF stay out of the Palestinian towns for those designated 72 hours, why should it be "fatal" if the stay-out is for longer than 72 hours???

Unless, of course, the reason the IDF is in so many Palestinian towns in the first place has little to do with security inside Israel, but is much more about maintaining a punishing level of pressure on the Palestinians, as per Moshe Ya'alon's infamous remarks of August 2002.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 10:20 AM | Comments (8)

December 23, 2004

A gift to JWN readers from Professor Sachedina

    Abdulaziz Sachedina is a very experienced scholar of and in the tradition of (Shii) Muslim thought who's the Francis Ball Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Virginia. He's the chair of the Center for the Study of Islam & Democracy, which co-sponsored the conference I went to in Iran three weeks ago, and the author of The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism (Oxford University Press, 2001.)

    Professor Sachedina has visited Iraq a number of times since the US overthrow of Saddam Hussein. For an account of a conversation I had with him about Iraq last January, go here.

    ... So imagine my delight this morning when I saw he had sent the following, very important contribution to JWN, which I am of course honored to post here in full. It is worth a careful, close reading.

SHIITE RESPONSIBILITY IN THE IRAQI ELECTIONS

by Abdulaziz Sachedina

In the midst of today's political turmoil in Iraq there is a ray of hope for the future. There is nothing more exciting for any nation than to be able to democratically elect a government to represent and protect its people's rights. Yet as the people of Iraq prepare to choose a legitimate government in the elections scheduled for January 30, 2005, the 60 % Shiite majority bears a heavy moral burden. It has to reassure the 20% Sunni Arab minority that it will not be punished for its repression of the Shiites.

It was Imam Ali, the Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law and the inspiration of Shiite Islam, who emphasized the importance of forgiveness and compassion to those in positions of power. It is true that throughout their history in Iraq the Shiites have suffered when the minority Sunnis controlled absolute power. And under Saddam Hussein, powerful Sunni officials committed terrible atrocities against the Shiites. Not long ago, after the war began in earnest in March, 2003, in a meeting with Iraqi religious leaders in Amman, I heard a prominent Iraqi Sunni leader, Professor-Shaykh Qubaisi, urge Prince Hassan of Jordan to take over Iraq, so that the Sunni influence would continue in this "Arab" nation. The call appeared to suggest that if the Shiite majority were to come to power the "Arab" character of Iraq would be lost...

It is not far-fetched to suggest that the Arab world dominated by a Sunni majority has not remained neutral toward the Sunni insurrection in Iraq to destabilize the interim government and sabotage the elections. There is an unarticulated but widespread fear among Sunni Arabs that genuine democracy in Iraq will take away the power from the Sunni minority that enjoyed state protection under Saddam. More importantly, and against the liking of the Sunni-Arab world, real democracy would transform Iraq into a majority ruled "Arab" Shiite nation. The fiction entertained by many Arab scholars is that Shiism is a Persian phenomenon, and, hence, non-Arab. To see Iraq become a Shii-dominated democracy is anathema to many Arab nationalists. This is also the source of unsubstantiated accusation against Iraqi Shiites that they are in alliance with Iran and its traditional animosity towards Arab nationalism. It is important to recall that under Saddam the Shiite Arabs of Iraq adopted a most radical form of secular Arab nationalism against the liking of Iran under the Shah, and later on under the Ayatollahs.

As for the Iraqi Sunnis, it is important to emphasize that not all Sunnis in Iraq share the nightmare of Shaykh Qubaisi. In fact, a large majority of Sunni clerics want to work towards the preservation of Iraqi sovereignty under a democratic system, whoever the people decide to vote for. But given the Sunni conduct in the recent past of Iraq, their fear that the Shiite majority will disregard the rights and interests of the Sunnis is understandable. It is this fear that needs to be eased by the Shiite leadership at this time so that the elections in January could take place with the full participation of the Sunnis. The grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani and other Shiite leaders, in the spirit of the ethics of responsibility as taught by Imam Ali, need to explicitly assure the Sunni minority that not only will their rights be protected through legitimate democratic governance but also that through constitutionally guaranteed political power-sharing, they, along with the Kurdish minority, will have the ability to participate meaningfully in determining the future of the nation.

At this critical time in the history of Iraq the perpetuation of the historical divide between the Shiites and Sunnis would be detrimental to the essential need of creating a national culture of citizenship built on equality and justice. The senior Shiite leadership thus far has emerged as a voice of fairness and sound political judgment. It should now assume the lead in providing the national voice of reconciliation between the two Muslim communities in sharing power for the betterment of all the citizens of Iraq. Such a message of reconciliation and forgiveness towards fellow Muslims coming from Ayatollah Sistani and other leading ayatollahs in Najaf will restore the confidence of the once powerful--and abusive--Sunni minority that they will not face reprisals from an elected Shiite majority. No community, however numerous and powerful, has a right to be indifferent to the ethics of responsibility in a democracy. The ball is in the court of the Shiite leaders. If they play it right then they will gain the gratitude of millions of people around the world who wish for peace and justice in Iraq for all.

~ A.S.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 09:15 AM | Comments (5)

December 22, 2004

Lebanon's Hizbullah

I'm busy writing about (Lebanese) Hizbullah this week. It's really interesting because,

    (1) Seeing the amazing political smarts inside this Shi-ite political organization in Lebanon, where Shi-ites are maybe 45% of the population, gives some clue as to possible directions the Shi-ites might take in Iraq (where they're 60-65%).

    In Lebanon, Hizbullah has always had a mass-organizing aspect to it, that few people in the west have ever focused much on at all. In addition, since 1989 they've been part of the Lebanese body politic. Since 1992 they've had around 12 of the 128 seats in the national parliament. In addition, since 1996 they've won municipal elections in increasing numbers of municipalities and now control 141 of them--from tiny ones to very large ones. All these are systems in which they've been RE-elected, so the voters must like something about them.

    In addition, Hizbullah's done really well at reaching out to non-Shi-ites, including Christians...

    (2) In 2000, Hizbullah's well-coordinated combination of mass organizing and tightly focused military resistance actions against Israel (overwhelmingly against Israeli military targets, not civilians), succeeded in bringing about a near-total and quite unilateral Israeli withdrawal from land the IDF had occupied in South Lebanon since 1982 (and some they'd occupied since 1978). Now, Sharon has been proposing a unilateral withdrawal of Israeli troops-- and settlers-- from Gaza. So, can the events in south Lebanon since 2000 tell us anything useful about how things may turn out in Gaza post a unilateral Israeli withdrawal there?

    (3) It's a really interesting story in itself, too. When I quit living in Lebanon in 1981, Hizbullah didn't even exist! Since then, it has really established itself as, not just a major political force inside Lebanon, but also as the only well organized political party in the whole country. It's people are nearly universally seen as non-corrupt, serious, well trained, and impressively task oriented. As opposed to both the clan chieftains and the woolly "ideological" forces of various stripes who dominated Lebanese politics when I was there in the late 1970s. So how have these Islamist modernizers achieved this?

    Another reason I think it's an intriguing story: all the Hizbullah officials I talked to in Beirut recently had an impressive command of, and a seemingly sincere copmmitment to, the discourse of democratic modernity: good citizenship, good governance, equality of rights, accountability of governments, etc etc. Only occasionally would they-- like John Locke in his day, for example-- slip in some scriptural reference to add authority to what was basically an appeal to non-theological democratic ideals...

Anyway, I've got a bunch of writing to do, and need to keep reminding myself: Helena, this is just a short project; don't let it drag on too long!

Oh, and about their relationship with Israel...

One of the most punctilious and best informed Israeli writers on Hizbullah is Daniel Sobelman. Since the Israeli withdrawal in 2000, Sobelman has done two interesting analyses of the organization for Tel Aviv University's Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies. In this one, which was published in August 2004, he writes a lot about the nuanced paramters of the situation of operational mutual deterrence that has existed between Israel and Hizbullah since 2000, with the "rules of the game" between the two sides having become more clearly (and even explicitly) recognized by the two sides over those four years.

He concluded:

    This article depicts the deterrent aspect of Hizbollah and its observance of the rules of the game in which it competes against Israel. These rules dictate adhering to relatively restricted parameters in the confrontation between the sides. Described here are the dynamics between Israel and Hizbollah in Lebanon, including the forms of action and response of the two sides, as derived from their overall interests. What is especially prominent since the American preparations for the war in Iraq is the formal, public recognition of these dynamics, labeled specifically as rules of the game. Both Israel and Hizbollah knew in this period how to reject calls for a more forceful policy voiced by powers within or near them.

    Since the Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon in May 2000, Israel has generally made sure to keep its responses and actions in Lebanon within the existing rules of the game, and sometimes even exercised self-restraint after terrorist attacks (especially in the first months after the withdrawal) in order to avoid opening another front of confrontation on top of the Palestinian one. Hizbollah took care in its declarations to attribute a limited and fundamentally retaliatory character to its activities in the north...

    Considering that relations between Israel and Lebanon are defined as a state of war (or hostilities) and are influenced by the state of war existing between Israel and Syria - and in any case both countries have territorial demands of Israel - Israel's northern border is relatively stable and peaceful and displays signs of economic prosperity.

Of course, the situation of calm has also, certainly, benefited the people of South Lebanon, who are a key part of Hizbullah's political base. So it's been mutually beneficial... Until now.

Since Sobelman wrote that piece, the most significant development has been Hizbullah's early-November launching of a drone aircraft that set off from lebanon, traveled to the israeli coastal resort of Nahariya, and returned safely to its Hizbullah handlers inside Lebanon. That scared the bejeesus out of many Israelis. For their part, many Lebanese very regularly get very fearful when Israel sends its much larger and armed jet-planes screeching over portions of Lebanon, or breaking the sound barrier over major Lebanese cities, etc... Which of course was one of the main points of Hizbullah's much more modest little drone project.

Sobelman wrote that,

    it is likely that the day is approaching when restraint by both sides on the northern border will not be enough to preserve the stability, either because of an Israeli initiative to attack Hizbollah or because of a response to provocation attributed to the organization in the Palestinian context. It is consequently possible that in fact the confrontation with Hizbollah on the Palestinian front will lead to a change in reality on the northern border.
Impossible to say exactly what date he wrote that on. But in July, around when he was finishing the paper, the Israelis assassinated Hizbullah official Ghazi Awali, whom they accused of providing technical help to the Palestinians...

But even that aggression against Hizbullah didn't result in the "Cold War" style balance between the two sides breaking down.

Altogether a fascinating story, I think.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 10:56 PM | Comments (41)

Kosovo & the 'humanitarian' pretext for war

In this recent post I wrote about the subversion of allegedly "humanitarian" arguments that are used as pretexts for war. Today I found this recent piece by John Pilger, on Counterpunch, in which he produces some very sobering evidence about how this process worked regarding Kosovo.

He writes:

    Just as Iraq is being torn apart by the forces of empire, so was Yugoslavia, the multi-ethnic state that uniquely rejected both sides in the cold war.

    Lies as great as those of Bush and Blair were deployed by Clinton and Blair in their grooming of public opinion for an illegal, unprovoked attack on a European country. Like the buildup to the invasion of Iraq, the media coverage in the spring of 1999 was a series of fraudulent justifications, beginning with U.S. Defense Secretary William Cohen's claim that "we've now seen about 100,000 military-aged [Albanian] men missing ... they may have been murdered." David Scheffer, the U.S. ambassador at large for war crimes, announced that as many as "225,000 ethnic Albanian men aged between 14 and 59" may have been killed. Blair invoked the Holocaust and "the spirit of the Second World War." The British press took its cue. "Flight from genocide," said the Daily Mail. "Echoes of the Holocaust," chorused the Sun and the Mirror.

    By June 1999, with the bombardment over, international forensic teams began subjecting Kosovo to minute examination. The American FBI arrived to investigate what was called "the largest crime scene in the FBI's forensic history." Several weeks later, having not found a single mass grave, the FBI went home. The Spanish forensic team also returned home, its leader complaining angrily that he and his colleagues had become part of "a semantic pirouette by the war propaganda machines, because we did not find one ­ not one ­ mass grave."

Anyway, go read the whole thing. It's good.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 10:21 PM | Comments (10)

December 21, 2004

Violence in Iraq

Yankeedoodle is now sharing his duties at Today in Iraq with "Matt". Between them, they make a truly stellar team and they've made TII into even more of a must-read than it already was.

Today, Matt has posted the daily compilation of news there. One of the items is his own quick Google-led survey of the security situation in each of Iraq's 18 provinces.

His conclusion? That,

    out of eighteen provinces only six can be considered even relatively stable and at least a couple of those suffered major violence less than a year ago. Therefore it is Mr. Bush who is hallucinating, not me.
I've also just been reading the account that Virginia reporter Jeremy Redmon wrote of today's attack on the US Army mess-hall near Mosul that killed 24, mainly US military people.

I've been thinking of doing a post here on the relationship between the violence and the election preparations in Iraq. I guess all the more reason now to do it. But it may have to wait till tomorrow.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 10:42 PM | Comments (1)

What the FBI saw at GITMO (and Abu Ghraib)

I wrote my check to the American Civil Liberties Union last week. They've been doing a great job pursuing the government's records re the tortures of detainees. And yesterday they released yet more extremely revealing documents that they'd managed to get the FBI to release.

Go here for the portal to this latest batch of documents.

The ACLU's own media release focuses on this May 22 email, sent by an FBI person who signed herself/himself off as "On-scene commander--Baghdad" to a bunch of FBI agents in "Div13" and one in "Div10". The writer noted that some FBI agents present at Abu Ghraib had had clear but indirect evidence that other interrogators there were utilizing,

    techniques beyond the bounds of FBI practice but within the paramters of the Executive Order (e.g. sleep deprivation, stress positions, loud music, etc)...

    We emphatically do not equate any of these things our personnel witnessed with the clearly unlawful and sickening abuse at Abu G that has come to light. The things our personnel witnessed (but did not participate in) were authorized by the President under his Executive Order.

This is probably the most direct evidence we have had to date that the Executive Order that White House Counsel Alberto Gonzalez had signed regarding interrogation techniques was in force in Abu Ghraib, perhaps even as late as May 2004 (and almost certainly well after November 2003, when the most-infamous abuses were carried out there.) Also notable: that specificity regarding the content of the Gonzalez-authored Executive Order.

To me, an equally significant document in the new collection is this one, an email sent on August 2, 2004 from [name redacted] to Valerie E. Caproni, in the Office of the General Counsel of the FBI. (Maybe she IS the General Counsel? Anyone know?)

The sender writes:

    As requested, here is a brief summary of what I observed at GTMO.

    On a couple of occasions, I entered interview rooms to find a detainee chained hand and foot in a fetal position to the floor, with no chair, food, or water. Most times they had urinated or defecated on themselves and had been left there for 18 24 hours or more. On one occasion, the air conditioning had been turned down so far and the temperature was so cold in the room, that the barefooted detainee was shaking with cold. When I asked the MPs what was going on, I was told that interrogators from the day prior had ordered this treatment, and the detainee was not to be moved. On another occasion, the A/C had been turned off, making the temperature in the unventilated room probably well over 100 degrees. The detainee was almost unconscious on the floor with a pile of hair next to him. He had apparently been literally pulling his own hair out throughout the night. On another occasion, not only was the temperature unbearably hot, but extremely loud rap music was being played in the room, and had been since the day before, with the detainee chained hand and foot in the fetal position on the tile floor.

Interesting that the OGC had asked for all such testimony, huh?


It seems the FBI was at the time--and still may be-- in major rear-covering (CYA) mode. With good reason, since several of the other newly released emails make clear that interrogators from other US government agencies were trying to "impersonate" FBI officers, and this was of intense concern to people inside the FBI. See this doc, and this doc, and this one, and this one.

In the first of those docs there, a January 21, 2004 intra-FBI email (sender and recipients' names all redacted), the writer writes:

    [T]his technique [nature of technique redacted], and all of those used in these scenarios, was approved by the Dep Sec Def [Paul Wolfowitz]."
It's not clear there, though, whether the "FBI impersonation ruse", also referred to in this email, was one of the techniques that Wolfie had specifically approved.

The last doc I mentioned in that list was a December 5, 2003 intra-FBI email from [redacted] to RBI officers Gary Bald, Frankie Battle, and Arthur Cummings, with the subject line "Fwd: Impersonating FBI at GTMO".

The author wrote:

    I am forwarding this EC up the CTD chain of command. MDLU [something to do with a 'detainee liaison unit', I believe ~HC] requested this information be documented to protect the FBI. [my emphasis, HC] MDLU has had a long standing and documented position against use of some of DOD's interrogation practices, however, we were not aware of these latest techniques until recently.

    Of concern, DOD interrogators impersonating Supervisory Special Agents of the FBI told a detainee that [one-third of a line redacted] These same interrogation teams then [half a line redacted] The detainee was also told by this interrogation team [line and a half redacted]

    These tactics have produced no intelligence of a threat neutralization nature to date and CITF believes that techniques have destroyed any chance of prosecuting this detainee. [my emphasis, HC] If this detainee is ever released or his story made public in any way, DOD interrogators will not be held accountable because these torture techniques were done the ?FBI? interrogators. The FBI will be left holding the bag before the public.

Well, there you have it. Not just the FBI's keen desire to document its opposition to these techniques, but also their real fear -- as I surmised at the end of this JWN post last week-- that:
    the very fact that many of the US military's detainees have been tortured or abused in the past very frequently makes their captors reluctant to bring them into any court or court-like setting, or to simply set them free.

    So the detainees truly get caught up in a Catch-22 situation. If they'd never been tortured or other abused, it would be far easier for the US military to simply let the vast majority of them go free. But since they have been tortured/abused, they can't so easily be freed or even brought into a court of law; and thus their often quite illegal detention perforce continues...

One of the other notable documents in the latest collection is this one, a June 25, 2004 intra-FBI email that is wrongly described on the ACLU portal as being "from" the FBI Director, but was actually an urgent message to him from people in the Sacramento, California office.

This email provides a description of some of the worst tortures/abuses described anywhere in the ACLU-discovered paper trail to date. It's the documentation of allegations made to agents in the Sacramento office by a [name redacted] individual who had seen considerable abuses of civilian detainees in Iraq, including,

    strangulation, beatings, placing of lit cigarettes into the detainees ear openings, and unauthorized interrogations.
Also, the said individual,
    was providing this information to the FBI based on his knowledge that [line-and-a-quarter redaction] were engaged in a cover-up of these abuses. He stated that these cover-up efforts included [massive redaction].
It immediately occurred to me that this informant was most likely Greg Ford, the Military Intel sergeant I wrote about in this JWN post, who in June 2003 got shipped out of Iraq strapped to a gurney as a punishment for his attempts to "blow the whistle" on the abuses he had seen his team members committing against Iraqi detainees.

I went to check the post, and the Salon article I cited there indeed said that the "mulitiple incidents" of detainee mistreatment he'd seen included,

    incidents of asphyxiation, mock executions, arms being pulled out of sockets, and lit cigarettes forced into detainee's ears while they were blindfolded and bound.
The Salon piece also noted that, once back in the US, Ford filed a report on his allegations of war crimes (and of his abduction) with the FBI office in Sacramento, which then, "forwarded the report to the Bureau's headquarters in Washington, which in turn passed it along to the Department of Defense."

The Salon article indicated that Ford didn't file that report till August 2004. But it seems clear that the June 25 intra-FBI email referred to above relates to Ford's allegations, so he must actually have filed his report on or before June 25. Should be easy enough to find out...

My three strongest reactions to the latest batch of documents are (1) horror at realizing that what's been going on in Gitmo--and what may still be going on there and elsewhere-- has actually been just as bad as I feared; (2) satisfaction at seeing more and more of the truth (however ugly) actually coming out; and (3) interest at seeing the degree of inter-agency disagreement over the whole question of what to do with the massive number of detainess who continue to be scooped up and held in US-run detention facilities around the world.

Let's hope that that latter process continues to generate a good stream of "CYA" memos from various government agencies.

But let's meanwhile work even harder than ever to overturn all the "Executive Orders" from the White House or elsewhere that allow/encourage the continuation of grossly abusive treatment of detainees. (= war crimes.) And redouble our efforts for a clear and universal policy of "No tolerance for torture."

----

Update, later Tuesday.

Also of interest in the collection: this partial string of intra-FBI emil correspondence. In it, an unnamed FBI agent, apparently from the Omaha field office, reported up the chain of command on July 30, 2004 that one day when he'd been at Gitmo (exact date not remembered) he'd seen an Israeli flag being used apparently as an instrument of additional humiliation,

    I looked inside the adjacent interview room. At that time I saw another detainee sitting on the floor of the interview room with an Israeli flag draped around him, loud music being played and a strobe light flashing. I left the monitoring room immediately after seeing this activity. I did not see any other persons inside the interview room with the Israeli flag draped detainee, but suspect that this was a practice used by DOD DHS and the DOD MP Uniformed reservists...

Posted by Helena Cobban at 11:29 AM | Comments (4)

Women and the WaPo

Item 1: The lede paragraph of a review in last Friday's WaPo of a new Chinese-made movie:

    The experience of "House of Flying Daggers" isn't like going to a movie so much as going to a truly superb brothel. That is, pleasure is available in every room, in every configuration, in all possibilities, in polymorphic abandon. It doesn't treat you gently, it ravishes you.
Item 2: Letter I sent to the WaPo later that day:
    Dear friends:

    I was truly disgusted when I read this lead to a movie review on the front page of today's "Style" section: "The experience of 'House of Flying Daggers' isn't like going to a movie so much as going to a truly superb brothel. That is, pleasure is available in every room, in every configuration, in all possibilities, in polymorphic abandon."

    It didn't take a genius to guess that the writer, Stephen Hunter, was a man; and I'm assuming that all the editors who signed off on such a simile must have been men, too?

    What on earth were they thinking? That the pages of the WP are a kind of snickery boys' club where the writers and readers-- all of them "guys"-- can sit around together and fantasize about the debasement through prostitution of women, girls (and yes, perhaps, young boys as well)?

    How do they imagine the "experience" of "going to" a brothel is for the (overwhelmingly female) people who perforce have to end up working there, providing all that "pleasure" to their male clientele?

    Did they stop for a minute to imagine that the paper's women readers might read that simile very differently from a large number of-- but not all-- your male readers? Did they even remember that it's possible that (gasp!) the paper does indeed have quite a few female readers? What on earth kind of a communication where they trying to send to us with this jejune snickering?

    Please, "guys", get your act together. Fast. It's bad enough that the WP's op-ed pages are almopst totally dominated by contributions from male writers-- as though the "wisdom" in the human race is concentrated nearly wholly in male heads... But to make the content of the paper actively hostile to female readers, as well? That's going ways too far.

    Sincerely,

    Helena Cobban

Item 3: Email I got yesterday from Leslie Yazel, Assignment Editor at the WaPo "Style" section:

    Dear Ms. Cobban,

    Mr. Getler passed along your note to me. Thank you so much for sharing your
    opinions on the review written by Stephen Hunter, whose articles I edit. I
    can't comment on women's voices in The Post's Op/Ed pages, but where I
    work, the Style section, I am one of five female editors out of about 11
    editors total. Our newly-appointed department head is also a woman (Deborah
    Heard).

    That said, I'm not surprised that you, and likely other readers, found that
    particular movie review's lead offensive. One person's idea of humor is
    often another person's idea of offensive. If we were to remove all the
    potentially-offensive sentences from the Style pages, I don't think we
    would produce a very provocative, intriguing and relevant section. Of
    course, you're welcome to disagree.

    I like to hear from readers--the Post is blessed with a varied readership
    that likes to talk back to us. I welcome your comments in the future and I
    hope you'll keep reading Style.

    Best,

    Leslie

Item 4: Reply I'm thinking of sending to Leslie:
    Dear Leslie:

    Thanks for your letter.

    I have no idea how old you are but I can't believe you are so inexperienced that you've never before encountered the "hey, it was just humor" defense of stereotyping hate-speech. Except, of course, that that is never a sustainable defense of such speech. In addition, the article in question was not in the genre of "humor". It was a movie review. The writer was casting around for a simile to express his idea of "available", "polymorphic" "pleasure and he chose the image of "a truly superb brothel". I don't see that he was attempting humor.

    But even if he were writing "humor", the "hey, it was just humor" defense for inter-group stereotyping is anyway unsustainable. Let's bring in all those thigh-slapping jokes that link the ideas of "Jews" and "stinginess"! Or "African-Americans" and "laziness"... Or "Polish-Americans" and "being stupid"... Ho, ho, ho!!!

    And while we're about it, a joke about "beautiful Asian women" and "brothels". Oh yes, that's a real thigh-slapper, too.

    Why don't you and Stephen Hunter just try saying "sorry" for the offense you caused. That might be a good place to start.

    Sincerely,

    Helena Cobban.

What does anyone else here think? Could I word it better? Do any of the rest of you want to send the paper a letter, too?

(P.s. Score for women's contributions on today's WaPo Oped page: 0 / 5.)

Posted by Helena Cobban at 09:48 AM | Comments (7)

December 19, 2004

Forward to-- a new Dark Age?

"Progress" comes slowly in the affairs of humankind, and it's by no means a unidirectional or linear business. One significant series of steps forward occurred in the 1860s, when European and a few non-European governments came together to agree on:
  • firstly, 1863, the creation of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the establishment in different nations of national-level Red Cross and Red Crescent societies affiliated with each other and with the ICRC
  • secondly, 1864, a formal, intergovernmental agreement that for the first time formalized codified a portion of the previously merely customary "laws of war"; and
  • thirdly, 1869, the first-ever international agreement mandating a total ban on using an entire class of weapons (explosive projectiles weighing under 400 grams).
It is true that while these states were able to agree these rules among themselves, they still did not consider most non-European peoples to be worthy of anything like the same protections as European peoples. Many of the same states that joined the "humanitarian" conventions were very happy, in 1885-86, to "carve up" the whole of sub-Saharan Africa and distribute it amongst themselves. And most European states as well as Japan continued to run extremely brutal colonial empires right through to the the 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, and even-- in the case of Portugal-- till 1974-75.

But still, establishing and formalizing the principles of what came to be known as 'international humanitarian law' (IHL, also known as the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions) back in the 1860s was a laudable step forward. And gradually, throughout the end of the 19th century and most of the 20th, the protections offered by these conventions came to be extended to all the rest of the peoples of the world as well. In addition, in 1949, the content of the Geneva Conventions was overhauled and strengthened in the light of the terrible abuses the Nazis (and the Japanese) had perpetrated during their military occupations of numerous other countries...

And now, here we are in yet another new century.... and the most powerful government in the world is snubbing its nose at many of the provisions of the Geneva Conventions, while at the same time it seems to be working to undermine that important body, the ICRC, which is contractually obliged-- acting on behalf of all Geneva Convention signatories, including the United States-- to uphold and further the application of the principles of IHL. We have heard much news of the Bushies trying to undermine Kofi Annan, and more recently the IAEA's Mohamed ElBaradei. But are they now also trying to discredit the work of the ICRC's president, Jakob Kellenberger?

JWN reader Christiane has done a bit of useful digging around on this issue. She's found some useful on-line sources we can link to. She also found and translated into English for us another recent article from Le Temps (Geneva), on the US-ICRC tensions. (Merci beaucoup, Christiane!)

But just before I copy some of her work in here, I want to note that it seems to me that what has happened in the past few years has stemmed at least in some part from the intellectual fuzziness of those well-meaning people in the western human-rights movement who never really seemed to "get" the fact that wars are episodes in human history that are inherently anti-humanitarian. These people--whose fuzziness is in many cases perhaps forgiveable because they've never actually lived through a war-- were even arguing throughout much of the 1990s that nations could "fight wars for humanitarian purposes ". They even succeeded in subverting the meaning of the phrase "humanitarian intervention", which for most of its history meant the providing of essential relief services to people whose lives were shattered by war, until it became instead a code-word for "a war fought for allegedly humanitarian reasons". (As though anyone ever launched a war with avowedly anti-humanitarian reasons!)

I remember discussing the US-led invasion of Kosovo in late 2000 with former ICRC President Cornelio Sommaruga. The war against Kosovo had, of course, been sold to the American public as absolutely the quintessential "humanitarian intervention". This, despite the fact that the large-scale ethnic cleansing that US liberals were so worried about did not happen till after the US started the war, and as a direct reaction to that massive US escalation... Anyway, Sommaruga was extremely dismissive of the arguments that had been made for the war.

"How can they call any war 'humanitarian'?" he said. "Don't they understand that war by its nature is anti-humanitarian?"

... Well, I don't mean to say that all the blame for the Bushies' current unbridled militarism and anti-humanitarianism should be laid at the door of western rights activists. But I do think that the liberals' work of category-blurring prepared the way for the Bush administration people to make the claim that their war in Iraq had some avowed "humanitarian" purpose. In addition, one concrete effect of the liberals' fuzziness was that the strict lines of separation that humanitarian organizations had always previously insisted on, between their operations in the field and those of the US military or any other fighting force, also became blurred in many instances.

I had friends in aid-providing organizations who were involved in discussions with the US military in the lead-up to the invasion of Iraq who said that the military people present were quite forthright in referring to the aid organizations' role in acting as a "force multiplier" for the military... That is, of course, a direct perversion of the doctrine of strict military neutrality which has guided the work of relief organizations from the beginning-- and which is, in the end, the only way in which they can guard the integrity of their work...

But anyway, back to the links that Christiane has provided.

The first is to a December 8th post on a blog written by Ari Berman of the New-York-based Nation magazine. Berman provides a good general introduction to some of the fiercest anti-ICRC rants out there in the rightwing US media, and he has links to many of these rants, too. (His only mistake--a small one-- was to write that the ICRC's description of US detention practices sometimes being "tantamount to torture" was made public only the week previously. No. It happened back in May or so.)

Of the sources cited there, Christiane says she finds this December 2nd editorial in the Wall Street Journal particularly serious, " because the neocons have often used the WSJ when they wanted to promote a policy which was then adopted by the White House." I tend to agree.

The editorial started from this lede:

Once upon a time, the International Committee of the Red Cross was a humanitarian outfit doing the Lord's work to reduce the horrors of war. So it is a special tragedy to see that it has increasingly become an ideological organization unable to distinguish between good guys and bad.

... And it concluded,
the ICRC has become just another politicized pressure group like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. ICRC President Jakob Kellenberger is reportedly planning to visit Washington soon to press the U.S. government on Guantanamo and other issues. We hope he is told that he is leading his organization toward the loss of its $100 million-plus annual subsidy from U.S. taxpayers, as well as its special status come future revisions of the Geneva Conventions.
Another interesting article Christiane found was this December 15th piece in the Guardian (London), on the related subject of the travails the British Red Cross Society has been facing in its working relationship with the British government and military. Writer Anne Kelly quotes Nick Young, the BRCS's chief executive, as saying:
"We are able to work across the front line for only as long as we are seen as neutral... The moment that sense of impartiality is lost, our mission is lost. We might as well pack up and go home. We'll be seen as part of the war machine and we'll be unable to operate."
Finally, here is C's translation of this piece , published in Le Temps on December 18th (yesterday):
The CIA manages a secret prison for high ranking Al-Quaeda members in Guantanamo
United States. Did the ICRC delegates meet with all the detainees in the US army camp in Cuba? The president of the organization, Jakob Kellengerger is still waiting for a meeting in Washington.
Alain Campiotti, in collaboration with Richard Werly.
Saturday 18th December 2004
Jakob Kellenberger wants to go to Washington at the beginning of next year. The president of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) wants the highest level of the administration to know about his concerns for the detention conditions in the military camp of Guantanamo, in Cuba. But no answer comes; the meeting isn't yet arranged. On the American side, there is no great enthusiasm. The ICRC is the bugbear of the conservatives since its delegates, after a June visit in the camp, have spoken of interrogation methods "tantamount to torture" in a report which was leaked.

Waiting for his invitation letter, Jakob Kellengerger has surely benefited from reading the Washington Post's issue of Friday. Citing military and intelligence sources, the capital's daily states that the CIA manages a secret center of detention, inside of Guantanamo, separated from the rest of the camp by high palisades and where high ranking Al-Qaeda members, particularly precious in the eyes of the agency, are detained. This protected enclosed place has never been mentionned publicly. It exists by virtue of a presidential decision authorizing the CIA to detain clandestinely, in unknown conditions, prisoners of "high value" for intelligence. In the prison of Abu Ghraib, in Baghdad, the agency had ghost detainees under control, which were kept hiden from the ICRC delegates. Other special prisons have existed in Bagram, near of Kaboul, in ships on sea and also in Thailand.

Special section

The ICRC delegates, who make frequent visits in Guantanamo, can not ignore the special section about which the Washington Post is talking. But did they meet with the detainees of the CIA ? The ICRC is always cautious : it admits that the access to Guantanamo has been large and hopes that it has met with everybody. It's hardly possible.

One of the high value prisoners in the camp is named Mohamedou Oulad Slahi. The presence of the Mauritanian has been confirmed by the report of the 9/11 Commission. Slahi acted as the direct intermediary between Mohamed Atta, his comrades of the Hamburg cell (the hard core of the commando of the 2001 plotters) and Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan. He was arrested fifteen days
after 9/11 and handed over to the Americans. Other members of the main staff of Al Qaeda are perhaps also under the control of the CIA in Guantanamo: Khalid Sheik Mohammed, the brain of the operation; Ramzi Binalshibh, one of his assistants who left Germany; Abu Zubaida, the recruiter in chief, first responsible person arrested; Hambali, the leader of the terrorist network in Southeast Asia. The sources of the Washington Post think that there are nearly forty detainees in the special center of Cuba.

The Americans state that the arrested Al Qaeda staff members have spoken and that the Europeans have benefited from these informations. How were they interrogated? Does the ICRC talk of them when it denounced, in its confidential July report to the Pentagon, the use of physical and mental coercion tantamount to torture? It is about that, among other things, that Jakob Kellenberger wants to talk in Washington. And it is that which has triggered the conservative fit of anger. Rush Limbaugh, the bluntest polemist of the right says that the ICRC "hates America". Fred Barnes, the chief editor of the Weekly Standard and commentator of Fox News requests the expulsion of the ICRC from Guantanamo. And the Wall Street Journal wants the abolition of the special statute of the ICRC with a revision of the Geneva Conventions.

In Washington, Jakob Kellenberger doesn't have only enemies. The New Republic, the weekly of the "liberal hawks", is shocked by the outburst against the ICRC. It remembers that the Pentagon has continually used the presence of the ICRC as an alibi in Guantanamo: everything is OK, since they are allowed in there. But the organization knows that Rumsfeld was abusing it. He said it. In reports which are no longer so confidential. George Bush would be wise to receive the former Swiss diplomate with his small grey beard. They have so many things to talk about.
Posted by Helena Cobban at 10:59 PM | Comments (13)

December 17, 2004

Further American aggressions?

Asia Times Online's incomparable Pepe Escobar has a lengthy piece there today titled "Evildoers, here we come"... Evidently, that's a reference to how he sees the mindset of the GWB-2 administration.

As Escobar says right up at the front of the piece:

    Iran is very much in the US spotlight at present over concerns that it is developing nuclear weapons, with much talk of "regime change". Over the next four years ... any of a number of countries could come into the crosshairs - Syria, Saudi Arabia and "axis of evil" original North Korea.
(I believe he actually meant to say that "Iran and those other countries" could come into the crosshairs, since that's the tenor of what he writes thereafter.)

Then, before going through the situation country by country, he presents the considerable amount of evidence there isfor thinking that the 2nd GWB administration will be even more warlike than the first one:

    Vice President Dick Cheney's concentration of power under Bush II will be even more complete. Pentagon chief Donald Rumsfeld - despite Guantanamo, Abu Ghraib, the quagmire in Iraq - remains in place. The CIA under Porter Goss has been through a Soviet-style purge and is being turned into an ersatz Office of Special Plans (OSP), which everyone remembers was a Rumsfeld-sponsored operation that specialized in fabricating false pretexts for the invasion of Iraq. The OSP was directed by neo-conservative Douglas Feith (who now wants the US to attack Iran). The new CIA is Feith's OSP on steroids. Goss' job is to make sure the CIA agrees with everything Bush and the neo-conservatives say. Expect more wars.
In my humble opinion, this analysis is all good as far as it goes-- But what it notably doesn't take into sufficient account is the tough strategic/political reality of a situation in which the US military is already considerably bogged down and bleeding badly, in Iraq. At this point, the US commanders will be extremely lucky if they manage to pull the US forces out of Iraq anytime in the next four years without suffering a series of major battlefield debacles due to supply strangulation...

A good part of Bob Woodward's intriguing book "Plan of Attack" describes in detail just how hard W had to work from November 2001 through mid-2002 to, effectively, seduce fellow Texan General Tommy Franks into believing that it just "might-could" be possible to undertake a war of the kind that Rumsfeld had in mind against Iraq and come out of it successfully.

After what all the service chiefs have experienced in Iraq in the past 21 months, don't expect any member of the US officer corps at all to be open to a similar seduction today, with respect to any of the other countries in the neocons' cross-hairs.

Yes, it's true that here in the US we still have "civilian control of the military" (which is generally a good idea). But still, the service chiefs here are also all long-time adepts at working Capitol Hill. So don't expect that "next time around", the Bushies could get an "enabling resolution" through the Congress with anything like the alacrity and ease they enjoyed back in November 2002.

What's more, the cumulative effect of the whole series of culpable mis-steps the US has taken over the past three years with respect to Iraq-- including the deliberate buildup to and fanning of the flames of that quite unnecessary invasionr; the launching of it; and several significant mis-steps taken in its aftermath-- has been that the considerable amount of international goodwilll the US enjoyed as of September 2001 has been completely dissipated.

They claim they have a "coalition of the willing" for Iraq? They couldn't get even world-class brown-nose Tony Blair to sign up for any kind of a "coalition" going into any of those other countries...

So I'm not as worried as Pepe Escobar seems to be that the Bushies would actually be able to act on any of the extremely bellicose rhetoric now steaming out of their ears with regard to Syria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, or North Korea. In addition, I think he's raising an unnecessary degree of alarm when he concludes:

    Fallujah - flattened by "conventional" means - was just a test. On the road to Damascus, the road to Tehran, the road to Riyadh, the neo-cons would be much more tempted to go nuclear.
Still, Escobar is always a good read. And in that piece, he certainly does well in pulling together many disparate bits of evidence regarding the neocons' attempts to beat the war-drums against the four "next target" countries...

(Another piece of evidence related to the Bushies' attitudes towards Syria: Ori Nir of The Forward has a piece in there today in which he cites "knowledgeable American and Israeli sources" as saying that, "While Syria's repeated offers to reopen peace talks with Jerusalem are triggering a fierce debate within the Israeli military and political establishment, the Bush administration appears united in its opposition to launching such negotiations... Washington has ... quietly told Israeli leaders that this would be a bad time to resume talks with Syria." Presumably, the Bushies are eager to keep the "threat" of a possible future Israeli attack on Syria as one of their many means of pressuring President Asad's regime. Oh boy.)

Back to Escobar... He cites two really interesting sources. One is this recent post by Riverbend-- her first in about four weeks. As with every single sentence that River writes, this post is definitely worth a read. She writes at length about the terrible effects that Iraq's ongoing fuel shortage is having on the daily life of even middle-class Baghdadis. (Imagine the effects on people who find it even harder than her family does to pay around $4.00 per gallon for gasoline! ... And this, in a country almost swimming on a sea of oil...)

Interestingly, she writes that,

    Most people I've talked to aren't going to go to elections. It's simply too dangerous and there's a sense that nothing is going to be achieved anyway. The lists are more or less composed of people affiliated with the very same political parties whose leaders rode in on American tanks. Then you have a handful of tribal sheikhs. Yes- tribal sheikhs. Our country is going to be led by members of religious parties and tribal sheikhs- can anyone say Afghanistan? What's even more irritating is that election lists have to be checked and confirmed by none other than Sistani!! Sistani- the Iranian religious cleric. So basically, this war helped us make a transition from a secular country being run by a dictator to a chaotic country being run by a group of religious clerics. Now, can anyone say 'theocracy in sheeps clothing'?

    Ahmad Chalabi is at the head of one of those lists- who would join a list with Ahmad Chalabi at its head?

Interesting, huh? However, while I'm sure that many Iraqis share River's views on these things, I think there are also many, many Iraqis who don't share her view of Sistani, in particular-- and the fact that Sistani has blessed the list may over-ride the distaste that the vast majority of Iraqis have expressed towards Chalabi...

And the other really interesting source cited by Escobar was this article about Iran's planning to deal with a possible US attack, published on Asia Times Online on Thursday. It's by Kaveh Afrasiabi, who's evidently a very smart and well-connected professor of political science at Tehran University.

This piece is definitely worth reading and studying closely. Afrasiabi writes:

    A week-long combined air and ground maneuver has just concluded in five of the southern and western provinces of Iran, mesmerizing foreign observers, who have described as "spectacular" the massive display of high-tech, mobile operations, including rapid-deployment forces relying on squadrons of helicopters, air lifts, missiles, as well as hundreds of tanks and tens of thousands of well-coordinated personnel using live munition. Simultaneously, some 25,000 volunteers have so far signed up at newly established draft centers for "suicide attacks" against any potential intruders in what is commonly termed "asymmetrical warfare".
Of course, it is entirely possible that Afrasiabi's publication of this glowing description is itself linked to a very sophisticated and multi-pronged Iranian campaign of deterrence. Deterrence of the United States, that is. As in, trying to deter US leaders from even thinking of launching an attack against Iran.

But still, it is definitely worth while for all Americans, including our leaders, to remember that when they even consider launching an attack against Iran, they are notably not talking about some penny-ante country that lacks its own considerable experience of running wars.

As Afrasiabi notes,

    Learning from both the 2003 Iraq war and Iran's own precious experiences of the 1980-88 war with Iraq and the 1987-88 confrontation with US forces in the Persian Gulf, Iranians have focused on the merits of a fluid and complex defensive strategy that seeks to take advantage of certain weaknesses in the US military superpower while maximizing the precious few areas where they [the Iranians] may have the upper hand, eg, numerical superiority in ground forces, guerrilla tactics, terrain, etc.
Basically, as he describes it, the way the Iranians would seek to survive and then counter a US attack would depend on using a number of different strategies:
    (1) Using Iran's rapidly developing and widely dispersed ballistic missile capabilities to "take the war" to the US rear in the Gulf, and possibly also to Israel.

    (2)Also, to "increase the arch of crisis for the US, in Iraq and Afghanistan, both of which of course border Iran, and in both of which some of the US forces are highly vulnerable.

    (3) Psychological warfare, and

    (4) What Afrasiabi calls, "an emerging 'proto-nuclear deterrence' according to which, as he writes:

      Iran's mastery of the nuclear fuel cycle would make it "nuclear weapon capable" in a relatively short time, as a sort of pre-weapon "threshold capability" that must be taken into account by Iran's enemies contemplating attacks on its nuclear installations. Such attacks would be met by stiff resistance, born of Iran's historic sense of nationalism and patriotism, as well as by a counter-weaponization based on quick conversation of the nuclear technology. Hence the longer the US, and Israel, keep up the military threat, the more powerful and appealing the Iranian yearning for a "proto-nuclear deterrence" will grow.
In the conclusion to the piece, Afriasiabi notes:
    The whole situation calls for prudent crisis management and security confidence-building by both sides, and, hopefully, the ugly experience of repeated warfare in the oil-rich region can itself act as a deterrent.
I agree wholeheartedly with that.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 02:31 PM | Comments (34)

December 16, 2004

CSM column on Iran (and CAMERA letter)

The CSM ran my column on Iran in today's edition. I think it came out pretty well despite some hasty last-minute edits.

In addition, today was the day they finally ran a letter from someone affiliated with 'CAMERA', the Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America. It criticized me for writing in my column on Shatila last month that the ugly 1982 massacre there had been "Israeli-orchestrated". You can see the text of the letter here.

I quite agree-- based on my own extensive study of the evidence-- with letter author Gilead Ini that the massacre in question "was carried out by Lebanese Christian militiamen of the Phalangist party." (Though I'd tend to put quotes around that adjective "Christian".)

I also think Mr. Ini is quite entitled to express his judgment--which he bases on his reading of the Israeli government's own Kahan Commission enquiry into the events-- that,

    Far from having orchestrated the massacre, Israel was found by the commission only to be indirectly responsible, since it failed to consider the danger in allowing the Phalangists to enter the camp. Israeli officials were similarly faulted only for indirect responsibility.
So, as he admits, Israel's own commission had concluded that the Israeli government and its officials did bear a degree of responsibility, even if only "indirect", for what occurred... Fair enough...

In an exchange with Jonathan on the Comments board of this recent JWN post I wrote that what happened in Shatila in those terrible days,

    would not, I think, have happened without both essential parts of the "agency" involved: the Phalangists ready and eager to engage in the massacre; and the Israeli military decisionmakers and lower-rank people who made and undertook the plan to take the Phalangists to the camp and support their presence there as they continued (for around 40 hours, I think) the massacring.
Anyway, I'm glad that Mr. Ini's letter goes further than I had space to do in my column and spells out for the CSM's readers that Ariel Sharon, "defense minister at the time" was criticized by name in the commission's report for the role he'd played regarding the massacre, specifically-- and here he was citing the commission report--
    'for having disregarded the danger' posed by the Lebanese Phalangists who entered the camp, and 'for not ordering appropriate measures for preventing or reducing" this danger.'
I am delighted that Mr. Ini spelled those points out since I didn't have the space to do so in my original column.

I wish he had also had the space to note that, because of the way it viewed Mr. Sharon's role, the Kahan Commission report stated that:

    We have found, as has been detailed in this report, that the Minister of Defense [Mr. Sharon] bears personal responsibility. In our opinion, it is fitting that the Minister of Defense draw the appropriate personal conclusions arising out of the defects revealed with regard to the manner in which he discharged the duties of his office - and if necessary, that the Prime Minister consider whether he should exercise his authority under Section 21-A(a) of the Basic Law: the Government, according to which "the Prime Minister may, after informing the Cabinet of his intention to do so, remove a minister from office."
Readers interested in learning more about the role that Israel's military and its then-defense Minister played in the massacres in Shatila and neighboring Sabra can find lots of useful material--including some very moving survivor testimonies-- if they go here.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 10:33 AM | Comments (13)

December 15, 2004

Interrogations that trouble even the FBI

Tonight I got some time browse around in the collection of documents relating to US interrogations of detainees around the world that the American Civil Liberties Union has worked hard to get declassified and has recently been putting up on their website.

The ACLU's own media presentation of the two most recent sets of these docs focused on

    (1) Evidence therein that members of a military Special Ops Task Force threatened some Defense Intel Agency agents who had seen detainee abuse underway and tried to prevent the DIA people from reporting what they had see (release of 12/7/04); and

    (2) Evidence that US Marines undertook mock executions of Iraqi juveniles and engaged in other forms of abuse (released 12/14/04).

Many mainstream newspapers have a done a fairly good job reporting on the ACLU revelations. But I wanted to browse around in the docs myself to get a flavor of them.

My first observation: just how much of the text of these docs was "redacted" (edited out) by the issuing agency before they were turned over to the ACLU under the ACLU's "freedom of information" request!

My second observation: how strongly the FBI seemed to have objected to many of the interrogation techniques used by the military "under marching orders," as one FBI officer noted, "from the Sec Def" (i.e. Rumsfeld).

When we're talking about interrogations that trouble even the FBI, then I think we're talking about something serious...

In addition, the most recent set of docs released (the top fifteen currently on the ACLU's single portal to the PDF texts of the docs) concerned a group of nine US Navy medics who all deployed in Iraq with different Marines units in Feburary 2003... They came back with some tales and allegations (that got picked up by the Naval Criminal Investigative Service) about abuses they'd seen or heard about in Iraq.

That investigation led to "no further action". But along the way there, there were several reports that individual corpsmen had experienced mental-health problems after their deployment; and in this doc, someone--name blanked out-- is quoted as advising that, "all of the corpsmen have experienced some form of problem from what they observed in Iraq."

But anyway, about the FBI...

Early May was the time when the Abu Ghraib abuses (tortures) suddenly exploded into the public consciousness with the publication of some of those truly troubling photographs from there...

This doc from the ACLU collection gives one tiny window into the way one group of people inside the FBI reacted. The doc in question contains a fully recorded email exchange involving five different messages among FBI officers. You know, the kind, where you hit "reply" to an email and your text gets fired off with the text of the message you're replying to reproduced underneath it... So you need to read this exchange of emails from the bottom up...

Sunday May 9 at 2:31 p.m., Caproni, Valerie E. (Div09) fires off a message to three fellow-officers, including only one -- Harrington, TJ (Div13)-- whose name is NOT redacted. In it Caproni says:

    I think I've heard this several times, but let me ask one more time:

    Has there been any written guidance given to FBI agents in either GTMO [Gitmo] or Iraq about when they should "stand clear" b/c of the interrogation techniques being used by DOD or DHS [then, a large portion redacted].

On Monday May 10 at 4:33 a.m. (?) TJ (Tom) Harrington sent Caproni's message on to three recipients, all like him in "Div13". Of them only Battle, Frankie is named. Harrington added only this little message:
    Please review our control files, did we produce anything on paper???
At 10:52 a.m. that Monday, an unknown Div13 sender replied to Harrington, with CCs to Battle; "Bowman, Marion E. (Div09); and another unnamed recipient, writing the following:
    BAU [the FBI's own behavioral Analysis Unit] at the request of the then (GTMO Task Force, ITOS1) wrote an EC (quite long) explaining the Bureau way of interrogation vs. DoDs methodology. Our formal guidance has always been that all personnel conduct themselves in interviews in the manner that they would in the field. [Long name redacted] along with FBI advised that the LEA (Law Enforcement Agencies) at GTMO were not in the practice of using [redaction] and were of the opinion results obtained from these interrogations were [redacted]. BAU explained [redaction] FBI has been successful for many years obtaining confessions via non-confrontational interviewing techniques.

    We spoke to FBI OGC [Office of the General Counsl?] with our concerns. I also brought these matters to the attention of DOJ during detainee meetings with [two or more words redacted?] express their comments to [redaction]

    ...

At 9:21 a.m. that day (different time-zone perhaps?) Harrington replied to [unnamed] in Div13:
    We have this information, now we are trying to go beyond. did we ever put into writing in an EC, memo, note or briefing paper to our personnel our position [two or more words redacted] that we were pursuing our traditional methods of building trust and a relationship with subjects. Tom.
This then got responded to, at 12:26 p.m. that Monday, by (presumably) the anonymous Div13 person to whom Harrington had sent it. With CCs to Frankie Battle (Div13), Arthur M. Cummings (Div13) and four other recipients ; and the subject line: "Instructions to GTMO interrogators".

"TJ," he or she said:

    I will have to do some digging into old files [two-thirds of a line redacted]. We did advise each supervisor that went to GTMO to stay in line with bureau policy and not deviate from that. [Two-thirds of a line redacted]. Iwent to GTMO with [word redacted] early on and we discussed the effectiveness [tthree or four words redacted] with the SSA. We (BAU and ITOS1) had also met with General's Dunlevey and Miller explaining our position (Law Enforcement techniques) vs. DoD. Both agreed the Bureau has their way of doing business and DoD has their marching orders from the Sec Def. Although the two techniques differed drastically, both Generals believed they had a job to accomplish. It was our mission to gather critical intelligence and evidence [half a line redacted] in furtherance of FBI cases. In my weekly meetings with DOJ we often discussed [word redacted] techniques and how they were not effective or producing intel that was reliable. [Four unnamed individuals from the DOJ Senior Executive Service] all from the DOJ Criminal Division attended meetings with FBI. We all agreed [word redacted] were going to be an issue in the military commission cases...

    Bottom line is FBI personnel have not been involved in any methods of interrogation that deviate from our policy. The specific guidance we have given has always been no Miranda, otherwise, follow FBI/DOJ policy just as you would in your field office. Use common sense. Utilize our methods that are proven (Reed school, etc)...

In the middle of that last-cited message, the writer even writes about having a "heated exchange" with GTMO commander Gen. Geoff Miller on the subject. But I don't have the patience to type it all out so if you want to read it, go to the original document.

Okay, so is all this merely some major FBI ass-covering, or is it more than that? It's certainly notable that the classification level on all but the last-cited of those messages was "Sensitive but unclassified". The last one was originally classified "SECRET//ORCON,NORFORN", but then "secret" got crossed out.

I do think there is, in addition, good evidence of real differences in approach between the FBI and the military interrogators... Maybe the crux of that disagreement lies in the fact that the FBI people have all had extensive experience of trying to bring cases to court-- so they have a good understanding of the kind of evidence that is (as noted in the last-cited message) not likely to be admissible in any judicial-type hearing.

All of which strengthens my long-held suspicions that the very fact that many of the US military's detainees have been tortured or abused in the past very frequently makes their captors reluctant to bring them into any court or court-like setting, or to simply set them free.

So the detainees truly get caught up in a Catch-22 situation. If they'd never been tortured or other abused, it would be far easier for the US military to simply let the vast majority of them go free. But since they have been tortured/abused, they can't so easily be freed or even brought into a court of law; and thus their often quite illegal detention perforce continues...

Posted by Helena Cobban at 09:43 PM | Comments (3)

Palestinian politics update

I've been reading the interview with Abu Mazen that was in yesterday's Al-Sharq al-Awsat. It's great that he came out so strongly for the demilitarization of the intifada, as noted in many mainstream media. Another great aspect of what he said was that he called for the continuation of the intifada by other, non-military means.

Here's the full text of that question and answer:

    Q: You (in the plural) had a clear opinion about the militarization of the intifada, and has that opinion remained only an opinion or have you adopted alternative steps [to the military ones]?

    A: There's no value in an opinion if it remains only an opinion, and it's necessary that it should be implemented, and one of the means of such implementation is the imperative of disarming the intifada because the intifada is a legitimate right of the people in order to express its opposition to the occupation by popular and social means. And that's what happened in the first intifada in the 'eighties. Therefore the Palestinian people aren't prevented from pursuing such activities, which express its viewpoint. The use of arms was harmful and it must stop, through working for calming members of the ranks of the Palestinian people.

He did not, unfortunately, spell out any further what he meant by these "popular and social means". (Readers interested in learning more about Palestinian nonviolence organizations can look here, or here, or here.)

One of the other topics discussed in the interview--which was conducted by Naser Qadih, during Abu Mazen's trip to Kuwait-- was the whole issue of Abu Mazen's tour around various Arab countries that (like Kuwait) previously were fairly or extremely hostile to the PLO/PA leadership.

It strikes me that this new Palestinian-Arab rapprochement is one of the most significant-- but generally, under-noted-- consequences of the death of Yasser Arafat.

And let's face it, as the Stalinists used to say, this is "no accident". To be precise, one of the greatest of the many dis-services that Yasser Arafat did the Palestinian cause was his record in quite gratuitously and seriously irritating large numbers of Arab leaders...

Let's look at some of the places Abu Mazen has been in recent weeks:

Jordan, which used to have very frosty relations with Arafat going all the way back to the events of Black September in 1970. In around '77, the Jordanians and the PLO leadership did make up their differences a little. But not much.

Syria, which was royally pissed off with Arafat ever since 1983, when he gratuitously made an attempt to "return" to Lebanon and rally the Palestinians there around his flag at a time when the Syrians strongly intended for them to rally around their flag, instead. Okay, I know the Syrians were quite unnecessarily bloodyminded in all this. But why did Arafat feel impelled to go back and make a (totally useless) military stand in northern Lebanon at the time??

Lebanon, strongly under the sway of the Syrians since 1984 (see above)...

Kuwait. Okay, in 1990, maybe Arafat didn't totally align himself with Saddam... But he came darn close to doing so and did nothing helpful whatsoever to try to repair relations with the Kuwaiti government after it became evident that aligning with Saddam had been a massive error of judgment... Also, just on a matter of principle, you'd think that Arafat would have solidarized with anyone seeking to resist and roll back a foreign military occupation???

So in all these cases, Arafat's personal style--as much as, if not more than, his politics-- had over the years resulted in wrecking relationships that could and should have been important and fruitful ones for the Palestinians. All four of those countries used to have significant populations of Palestinian refugees. (The Kuwaitis kicked most of their Palestinians out of the country, extremely vengefully, after the restoration of the kuwaiti monarchy in 1991.)

In addition, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan are all contiguous with Israel. Syria and Lebanon remain important factors in Israel's military equations, though Jordan concluded a final peace treaty in 1994. Kuwait, for many long decades prior to 1990, used to be major financial and political supporter of, in particular Arafat's Fateh movement and its broader coalition, the PLO...

And so, that was what Arafat succeeded in wrecking... And what Abu Mazen is now cautiously trying to patch back together.

I am particularly intrigued with the prospects he might have for pulling back together some kind of a working relationship between the Palestinians and the Syrians regarding the diplomacy with Israel.

One of the many things that Arafat did that really annoyed the Syrian regime was to break with the "joint Arab ranks" in the diplomacy with Israel and rush toward the unilateral approach embodied in the Oslo Accords of 1993. To the Syrians, that felt like a stab in the back. When I interviewed Foreign Minister Farouq Sharaa in 1998 he said that once Arafat had made his dash for a "separate deal" the Israelis had the great advantage of being able to play the two main remaining contenders for Israeli diplomatic attention off against each other, "as though we were two patients waiting in the doctor's waiting room and each of us is competing-- and willing to pay an ever high price-- to get called in by the doctor."

Well, Oslo led the Palestinians nowhere, so the Syrians feel somewhat vindicated regarding their hands-off, but largely skeptical, approach to Oslo: ("We'll let the Palestinians pursue it and see where it takes them...")

In the present circumstances, Abu Mazen's relationship with Syria is closely tied to his attempt to reach out to Hamas and Islamic Jihad and find a way to ring them into the Palestinian leadership over the weeks ahead. Both organizations have important leadership ties with Syria (though I was assured when we were in Syria recently that the organizations are not headquartered, as such, in Damascus any more.)

Anyway, here's my translation of the relevant portions of yesterday's Sharq al-Awsat interview with Abu Mazen:

    Q: How do you see the prospects of the possibility of the participation of Hamas and [Islamic] Jihad in the PLO?

    A: Yes, there are discussions under the name of 'Palestinian participation' and under the name of 'bringing everyone into a single forum' so that every individual and every organization will pursue its proper role. And also there are discussions about a unified leadership and the role this leadership would have within the framework of the PLO, and how it could do its work. Another thing: if this is not achieved, shall we have elections? And there is another discussion from their side about entering legislative elections so they can be part of the political fabric of Palestinian society...

    Q: From your meetings with the leaders of Hamas and Jihad in Palestine and Syria, did you arrive at an agreement on any specific mechanism to support the peace process?

    A: It can't be said that we agreed, but we say that we discussed and proposed all the issues and nothing has been left out of the talks. And until now we didn't reach any agreement and we hope we'll do so in the future.

    Q: And what about getting any help from Syrian officials in this regard?

    A: I judge that the Syrian officials are ready to do that without our asking this from them. Since we sense the readiness, we don't need to ask them...

    Q: Why have Syria and Lebanon and Kuwait been the first places on your tour of Arab and Gulf countries?

    A: There's no particular reason but it just happened that way because of the schedule. We have confidence in every step we take and we have confidence (trust) in our brothers who received us. And it's not enough that there should be trust only from our side...

    Q: What about the Palestinian Islamic movements that are in Syria. Was there a discussion on them stopping their activities?

    A: We had discussions with [all] the Palestinian organizations found in Damascus, from Hamas, to Jihad, to the PFLP, to the DFLP, and we conducted dialogues with them.

    Q: Was any specific [coordination] mechanism created with them?

    A: The dialogue continues between us and them.

    Q: In your view, where will it lead?

    A: It will lead to an agreement.

    Q: An agreement on them ending their activities?

    A: It will lead to an agreement in line with what we all want. What we want now is an opportunity to work for the future and we all want to reach this agreement.

Personally, I think that whether he's talking to Hamas and Jihad heads in Syria or elsewhere, or with skeptics and others in the Palestinian population inside the occupied territories, he'd do well to spell out in much more detail the kinds of "popular and social" activities he thinks that Palestinians ought to be undertaking as part of a nonviolent intifada.

After all, he's asking them to give up doing the violent things they have been doing... But what does he want them to do instead?? If he's really confident of his position, surely he ought to be able to ask them to start undertaking mass, popular demonstrations, strikes, hunger strikes, sit-ins, and all the other panoply of nonviolent types of mass actions...

What's more-- and this was something Yasser Arafat could never really understand-- if there were to be such a background of mass, popular activity against the continuation of this ways-too-long military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, then that would only strengthen the hands of the Palestinian negotiators rather than--as Arafat apparently feared-- posing some kind of an internal challenge to them.

So let's see what happens, eh?

Posted by Helena Cobban at 03:37 PM | Comments (3)

Living under foreign military occupation

Ever since I came to live in the US in 1982, I've done a fair amount of public speaking around the country, especially on the Palestinian-Israeli issue. Over the years, it became increasingly clear that many of the concepts that people who're "experts" on the Middle East toss around so easily in our discussions-- "occupation", "settlements", "resolution 242", etc-- are not readily understood by the general public here... So I'd try to back up, and give a thumbnail explanation of what each such concept meant.

Take "occupation". In the pre-November 2001 world, few Americans had any direct experience with this particular-- and intrinsically anti-democratic-- form of rule. I think in much of Europe, where there are more vivid folk-memories of what happened to countries that came under Nazi military occupation and then under (less malevolent) Allied military occupation for a number of years, there's generally much more understanding of the concept.

Then, too, many American citizens seem to have little ability even to exercize an empathetic imagination and really think through what it must be to live in a society that is-- as all non-US societies are-- very different from their/our own. You could call this moral laziness, or just (more charitably) a general lack of awareness.

Since November 2001, Americans have no excuse whatsoever for such moral laziness on the issue of rule by "foreign military occupation"-- to give this form of government the full name it has in international law. That was the month that a US-led but UN-sanctioned coalition toppled the Taliban in Afghanistan and started running an FMO in that country.

Seventeen months later, in April 2003, a US-led (and never UN-sanctioned) military force toppled Saddam Hussein in Iraq. And since then, the US and its paltry band of allies have been running an FMO in that country, too.

The juridical situation in Afghanistan changed somewhat earlier this month when Hamid Karzai was sworn in as the country's first "popularly elected" leader. I am, however, unfamiliar with the exact content of the extensive "security agreements" that are still in force between Krazai's administration and the US-led force, so I can't say for sure whether the rule-by-US-diktat actually has ended there or not. (I strongly suspect not.)

Regarding Iraq, however, the occupation as such most certainly still continues... And likely will continue for many months even after next month's election to a transitional assembly.

So what is it like to actually live under a foreign military occupation?

The Palestinians of the West Bank and Gaza have lived under an FMO for 37 years now. Just imagine! How have any of them at all managed to stay sane when their every move has been regulated and dictated to by members of an ultra-secretive, foreign military institution, the Israel Defense Forces?

Numerous Palestinians have tried over the years to tell US and other western readers what this has meant for their lives: the networks of secret military tribunals where the "evidence" against suspects is not revealed, and whatever is revealed is often disclosed only in a foreign language... The quite arbitrary "orders" that allow detention of "suspects" for six months, renewable, at the whim of a military commander... The additional, quite extensive series of unchallengeable military orders regulating nearly every aspect of daily life, including access to markets and schools, freedom to visit holy places, etc etc...

(I note that all the above kinds of actions are actually "allowable"under the portions of international law that regulate FMOs... But Israel has, in addition, committed numerous acts-- particularly the seizing and settling of land and the seizing of natural resources from the Palestinians-- that are expressly forbidden under those laws.)

One of the main aspects of the status of foreign military occupations in international law is that this particular form of rule has only ever been envisioned in international law as a transitional phenomenon, that is, a form of rule that occurs between a provisional ceasefire and the final peace treaty that makes a final-status disposition of the sovereignty issues around the territories in question. When drawing up the 1949 Geneva Conventions and their precursor agreements on these matters, no-one ever really imagined that an FMO might drag on for 37 years, and still counting...

Yes, Palestinians have tried to explain all these things to westerners over the years-- but how many Americans have ever really listened?

And now, we Americans are imposing our own version of "foreign military occupation" on the people of Iraq.

The US occupation authorities have not, it is true, tried to implant large, land-grabbing "settlements" of US citizens inside Iraqi territory. But they have, certainly, tried to steer towards Americans contracts and other lucrative economic opportunities inside the country that should-- both by law, and by political good sense-- have gone to the Iraqis themselves.

Back in March 2003, I wrote a lengthy post here in which I compared the then-quite-foreseeable US occupation of Iraq with some other FMOs that have been run in the past 100 years. Actually, it's still worth reading. One thing I did there was compare the US's administration of an FMO in Iraq with the Israelis' administration of a 22-year-long (or, 18-year-long, depending how you count) FMO in South Lebanon :

    Maintaining an occupation is a labor-intensive and costly business, it turns out. By 1984, Israel's rate of inflation had soared to an annual rate of 373 percent, with the main reason for that being generally given as the cost of the occupation of Lebanon.

    Between 1984 and 1985, the inflation rate was brought back under control, by using two main strategies. Firstly, with the help of Reagan-era Secretary of State George Shultz, major structural adjustment was imposed on the Israeli economy as the cost of getting an emergency injectiuon of new US economic aid. That decision prompted a precipitous shredding of many of Israel's valuable social programs.

    Secondly, the Israelis agreed to pull their troops back from nearly all of the area of South Lebanon they were controlling. Effectively, they ended up handing the areas they evacuated over to Hizbollah and the Syrians...

    It took Israel a further 15 years-- and considerable additional casualties-- before it was able to extricate itself from that situation of continuing conflict and casualties.

    And here's the thing. Look at the cost of the logistics involved, for Israel, in maintaining that occupation. What it meant, for Israel, was essentially driving those tanks and those APCs across their own border, and there they were.

    But what the Bushies are now saddling American taxpayers with, is the cost of maintaining a massive military-occupation force in a country 4,000-plus miles away!!! Can you imagine how expensive that will be?

When I was writing that JWN post-- and this follow-on column in the Christian Science Monitor-- I was generally careful to try to point out that, from at least one perspective, an FMO could be considered "morally neutral". That is, an FMO could be used either to bring about a "good" outcome of building a democratic, tolerant, and truly self-governing society in the occupied country, or might, by contrast, bring about any one of of a number of very bad outcomes.

For the "good" outcomes, I was looking mainly at the post-WW2 occupations run by the (Western) Allies in Germany and Japan.

In June 2003, I had an interesting discussion on the subject with my friend Murray Gart, a veteran foreign correspondent for Time mag who had, as he told me vociferously, actually served in the US occupation in Germany. "There's aboslutely no such thing as a 'good' occupation, Helena," he told me. "Really. Take my word for it."

Poor old Murray, who was a shrewd and very decent person, died not long after.

One of the things I liked in Murray was that he was another person who did all he could to try to bring home to his US readers the realities of what it's been like for Palestinians to live under a foreign military occupation for so darned long...

Well, if Americans don't want to listen to Palestinians who talk or write about the daily, numbing burden of coercion and structural violence that rule-by-military-diktat involves, at least it is really important that they/we listen to voices of Iraqis like Faiza Jarrar, since it is our military, paid for by our tax dollars, that is running that foreign military occupation of her land.

Back on December 1, Faiza wrote another of her great posts on her "A family in Baghdad" blog, and it got posted there in English on December 11. (The link there just goes to the portion that I excerpted.) In this post-- as back in September-- she writes about her experiences of going to a meeting inside the US-dominated Green Zone...

This time, too, her experience was not a happy one:

    at last, we entered the grand hall of the Palace, I mean, the Interior Hall... the Iraqi women were talking and saluting each other, then saluting some American men and women whom they were acquainted to previously... with some on-going issues between them?

    I stood aside...feeling lonely... That was the second time I got here..and the place had an effect on me...there was a feeling of foreboding, and sadness, here the conferences for Arabic and Foreign Delegations used to be held, there was an Iraqi State, with a form, a Presence, and Dignity, in spite of its faults, and the dictatorship of its leader...now, all is gone... Iraq now is a torn country, across which the winds of destruction and chaos are storming about... and this Conference Palace became an important center of the occupation force...around which some soldiers move about, while drinking Nescafe, and on some sections there are signs bearing the words: No Entry...Army Restricted Zone.

    And on the sign, there is an American flag...

    Something inside of me broke...and the joy of my day vanished...

    I felt sadness, and humiliation... which I do not know how to explain.

    I looked at the outside green garden... at the grass...the palm trees...among which personals of the American Army stroll...who would have thought this would be a stepping of their feet??

    I don't know?. I see handsome men...with colored eyes, and shining faces...but they are strangers...and their military uniforms break my heart...announcing that some tragedy has befallen, and an occupation...

    Who knows the meaning of occupation??

    Strangers walking in your house...acting like it is theirs. And you cannot tell them: what are you doing here?? Who brought you??

    By what right did you enter my house??

    No, you are not allowed to encroach them.

    For today, they are the masters of the house, and their word is the one obeyed.

    ...

    At the Sharm al-Sheikh meeting, France demanded from America to set a timetable for the occupation's withdrawal from Iraq, but America refused to make this issue a dialogue point...

    Some of my American friends write to me by e-mail, trying to convince me that America has no greed in Iraq, that they will withdraw as soon as peace is accomplished in Iraq...I wish I can be naive enough to believe this...

    The reality of the situation here says that they will remain forever...this chaos and daily fighting, the conditions getting worst day after day. Six months ago the situation was better...there were some foreign organizations working... foreign and Arabic companies for contracts, and project implementation...now, all these run away from Iraq...as if the criminals are gaining victory on us.

Anyway, if you have time, go read either my excerpt there, or her original, much longer post.

And then (especially if you're American) ask how you yourself would feel if this situation were imposed on your country...

Posted by Helena Cobban at 09:36 AM | Comments (24)

December 13, 2004

Two honest men

Last night, I watched an interesting tape of Zbig Brzezinski and Brent Scowcroft appearing earlier in the day on Wolf Blitzer's "Late Edition" on CNN.

These two old guys, respectively the National Security Advisors to Jimmy Carter and to George Bush I, evidently don't feel they need to kowtow to the pro-Likud lobby any more, so they speak straightforwardly about how--from the perspective of their incontestably long experience in US national-security decisionmaking-- they see the US-Israeli relationship, and the forces at work in today's Bush administration...

At one point, Blitzer (whom I met a couple times back when he worked for the Jerusalem Post) said,

    now it's apparen... that Saddam Hussein was plotting this insurgency all along, anticipating a U.S. assault. That would seem to be another intelligence blunder of huge import, and as a result a lot of Americans and others are dying.
Zbig replied,
    Well, it's not just an intelligence blunder. It's a question of the mindset. There was such fervor to go to war against Iraq. And it was propounded with such intensity and, I'm sorry to say, demagoguery by a bunch of fanatics that it was quite natural for them also to argue that it's going to be very easy, that we'd be welcomed as liberators, that the aftermath would be very simple.

    I think we're dealing here with a problem which goes beyond intelligence. It's a fundamental misjudgment, and it's a consequence of a decision-making process in which skeptics, questioners, people who disagreed really didn't play much of a role.

    BLITZER: Well, you use a tough word, "fanatics." Who do you mean, when you say fanatics, talking about fanatics?

    BRZEZINSKI: I'm not going to mention names, but people who, either for religious or strategic reasons, have a very one-sided view of Iraq and of the Middle East and what needs to be done in the area.

    BLITZER: When you say "religious reasons" -- I'm pressing you, because these are strong words that you're throwing out, and you're a man of very precise language.

    BRZEZINSKI: Well, I think we all know that in American politics, particularly in recent times, there has been an intensified linkage between extreme religious views and politics. And there are a number of people who have very, very intense feelings about the Middle East. And I think that has colored our approach to Iraq and has colored our assessments of what would happen.

    BLITZER: Well, maybe I'm missing something. Are you talking about fundamentalist Christians? Are you talking about Jews? Specifically, what are you trying...

    BRZEZINSKI: I'm talking about all of them. I'm talking about all of them: people who approach this issue with a very strong religious fervor or a kind of strategic fanaticism, the kind of fanaticism that leads some people currently, for example, to argue that we should attack Iran, that we should bomb Iran.

    BLITZER: And is this related to support for Israel is coloring their...

    BRZEZINSKI: In some cases, I'm sure it is. In some cases, it isn't. It's a mixture.

    You know, this is a very diversified country, and there's a variety of viewpoints.

Later, Blitzer came to the topic of Iran. Scowcroft said he thought it was a worrying but probably manageable situation. Blitzer turned to Zbig:
    What's your assessment, Dr. Brzezinski?

    BRZEZINSKI: Well, first of all, I'm not terribly worried, but I agree with Brent.

    BLITZER: Why aren't you terribly worried?

    BRZEZINSKI: Because for one thing, they are not about to have it. It will take several years for them really to have it. Secondly, what can they do with it as a practical matter? This is a serious country. This is not a fly-by-night fictional country that could act in a totally reckless fashion.

    BLITZER: What about giving it to terrorists?

    BRZEZINSKI: Oh, but would they want to do that? They have security problems, serious security problems around them. Pakistan, which is unstable, India, Russia, Israel, have nuclear weapons. They have a real security problem.

    And the way to deal with this issue is the way Brent recommends, which is to try to work them into international system in which they can pursue their nuclear program on a peaceful basis, but they get some benefits from abandoning, forsaking the military program, and then eventually point towards some sort of an arrangement, some sort of an arrangement for a nuclear-free Middle East. Because less than that is not going to offer them a long-term inducement to eschew nuclear weapons.

So when was the last time you heard anyone in US politics even hint that the fact that Israel has nuclear weapons might, just might, be a factor motivating other Middle Eastern nations to get them?

Later, Blitzer came back to Scowcroft, and confronted him with this utterance, which he'd made to a Financial Times reporter in mid-October:

    In October, October 14th in The Financial Times, you were quoted as saying this: "Ariel Sharon just has him wrapped around his little finger. I think the president is mesmerized. When there is a suicide attack followed up by a reprisal, Sharon calls the president and says, 'I'm on the front line of terrorism,' and the president says, 'Yes, you are.' He, Mr. Sharon, has been nothing but trouble."

    Did you say that?

    SCOWCROFT: Unfortunately I did. It wasn't supposed to be for publication.

    BLITZER: This was in an off-the-record conversation?

    SCOWCROFT: Yes. Yes.

    BLITZER: And so it got out there.

    SCOWCROFT: Yes.

    BLITZER: And so explain to our viewers what you meant. And I assume you meant this, what you said.

    SCOWCROFT: Well, I think the best explanation I have is what Dov Weisglass gave as to what Sharon's strategy was.

    BLITZER: He's an aide to the prime minister?

    SCOWCROFT: He's an aide to the prime minister. Which was to get out of Gaza, because the Israeli position is pretty untenable, get out of one or two settlements, finish the wall, and then say, we're through.

    The administration has felt that Gaza was the first step in a program, and what I have been arguing is if Sharon has his way, it's not the first step, it's the last step.

    BLITZER: But fundamentally, the question is this: Do you think Sharon has the president wrapped around his finger?

    SCOWCROFT: That was -- I would never have used that in public, of course not. But what I believe is that Sharon appeals to the president and his attitude on the war on terrorism, and he says "I'm on the front line of that war. The people after me are terrorists." What is the president going to do? No, they're not terrorists? In that sense, the president plays into Sharon's plan.

    BLITZER [to Brzezinski]: What do you think?

    BRZEZINSKI: Well... I thought Brent's diagnosis was brilliant. And I think one should say publicly what one says privately. And I agree with him.

    BLITZER: You agree that what? Be specific.

    BRZEZINSKI: Whatever you cited him as saying, the whole works.

    BLITZER: That the president is basically controlled by Ariel Sharon?

    BRZEZINSKI: "Controlled" is your word. I don't think he said that.

    BLITZER: Well, I'll repeat. It says, "Sharon just has him wrapped around his little finger."

    BRZEZINSKI: Yes, that's about right.

    BLITZER: That's being precise.

    BRZEZINSKI: Sharon comes and whispers "Terrorism, terrorism," and the president is now...

    BLITZER: But Israelis do face terrorism.

    BRZEZINSKI: Of course. But this is not the whole problem. It is not the entire problem, and certainly not the global problem.

At the end, Blitzer asked the two old guys what the Prez should be doing on the Palestinian issue. And both of them came out in favor of the US-- finally!-- coming out with its own proposal for how the final-status should look, and "imposing" it:
    BRZEZINSKI: We should be doing what a friend of mine and a colleague of Brent's recently recommended, Henry Kissinger. He said something with which I very much agree. We should be much more explicit about staking what the actual content, what the elements of a peace settlement ought to be, not leave that wide open.

    Because if you leave it wide open, the Israelis and the Palestinians distrust one another so much that they'll never move towards peace. But if we lay on the table a package -- and there are several key elements of that package which are generally known and understood -- and say, this is what the settlement will be based on, then I think we move the parties concerned toward serious negotiations.

    BLITZER: ...General Scowcroft -- the U.S. sort of imposing a settlement on the Israelis and the Palestinians, or squeezing both sides to come up with some sort of solution. Is that something that would be a good idea?

    SCOWCROFT: I have been opposed to that for most of this conflict. I think it is the only solution now. The two sides by themselves, the animosity is so deep and the mistrust is so wide that they can never do it by themselves. We have got to say, this is it. And you know, as Zbig says, the outlines of a settlement are really quite clear. There are a few rough edges that need to be honed off, but it is not difficult to see what a settlement is now. But we are the ones that have to impose it.

Of course, there's a long, long history of high-level US officials talking as candidly as this-- but only some time after they've left office. So you might say, in response to all the above, "So what?"

That's partly my reaction. But still, it's refreshing to see views like theirs even get an airing on national television at all these days. (It's kind of sad, isn't it, when you have to conclude it's "refreshing" to hear members of the US political elite saying openly that, on an Israeli-Arab issue, the US should articulate and then stand up for our own national interests, rather than those of a single, tiny foreign power??)

And then, you have to wonder if Scowcroft is this time, as he has done in the past, expressing something in the public discourse--and to the present President-- that George Bush Bush I wanted to see expressed...

Then again, you have to remember that the present Prez, by his own avowal, "answers to a higher father", not the biological one.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 08:57 PM | Comments (31)

December 12, 2004

A bountiful WaPo

Every so often the WaPo brings out an issue that's filled with great news (from the journalistic viewpoint that is, meaning "news stories that are well reported and well written"). Like today. Here are some of these stories:

* The Bushadministration has been intensively tapping Mohamed ElBaradei's phone calls with Iranian diplomats,

    and is scrutinizing them in search of ammunition to oust him as director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, according to three U.S. government officials. (Dafna Linzer, p.A1.)
* Baghdad ER doc Luai Rubaie told Anthony Shadid that,
    He sees maybe 100 cases a day, twice as many as before the invasion in March 2003. Back then, he estimated, one in 1,000 was a victim of gunfire. Now half the cases are the consequence of the city's strife. (pp. A1, A30.)

    "It's a museeba," Rubaie said -- a disaster.

* It strikes me this is a big story, that I don't think has received enough attention. It's in the paper on p.A28. Brad Graham, reporting from Baghdad, tells us that:
    In an effort to reduce the amount of military cargo hauled in vulnerable ground convoys across Iraq, the U.S. Air Force has begun airlifting much larger quantities of materiel to bases around the country...

    Additionally, U.S. cargo aircraft are ferrying more materiel from base to base within Iraq. In the past month, the amount of military items hauled daily by air has jumped from about 350 tons to about 450 tons... according to Col. Mark Ramsay, deputy director of air mobility at the Combined Air Operations Center here...

    So far, the Air Force has been able to handle the extra load without bringing in more than the 60 C-130 cargo planes it already has in the region. This is because some of the burden has been borne by larger C-17 and C-5 planes that fly the long-haul routes from the United States and Europe.

    The bigger planes, which can carry three times or more the load of a C-130, have in the past simply dropped their pallets at one of the major hubs in Iraq and headed back. Now, some of the aircraft are being kept in the region for several days and used for short-haul trips...

    According to officers here, plans being drawn up for review by Army Gen. John P. Abizaid, the commander of all U.S. forces in the region, call for an even greater increase in supplies delivered by airlift -- up to about 600 tons a day. Such a rise could put a serious strain on the existing air fleet, officers said.

    "I would kid you if I said I'm not worried about sustainment," [Lt. Gen. Walter E. Buchanan III, the senior commander of U.S. aircraft in the Persian Gulf region] said in an interview. "I can surge, but I have to develop a system that I can sustain this with because we don't know how long this is going to go on."

Graham also tells us that Buchanan was told by his superior officer that, "What General Jumper did was basically give me clearance to, in his words, throw away the rule book... He is not worried about efficiencies, and so I'm not either."

We learn later in the piece that much of the tonnage of what currently needs to get trucked into and then around the country is fuel, and water:

    To address the water issue, senior U.S. logistics officers are looking at options that include buying bottled water from the Iraqis or constructing bottling plants in Iraq.
It kind of boggles the mind that the forces are trying to conduct all their operations inside Iraq while relying on drinking water being trucked in from outside... D'you wonder that running this occupation is turning out to be so darned expensive?

And of course, with all the new reliance on airlift, it's about to get more so.

* Then here, even deeper into the paper (p.A32) it seems clear that one of Anthony Shadeed's stringers has been able to have an actual face-to-face interview with Abdullah Janabi, the Sunni Muslim cleric who "headed the Shura Council of Mujaheddin, an 18-member group of clerics, tribal sheiks and former Baath Party members who assumed control of the city of 250,000 shortly after Marines aborted their first attempt to capture it in April."

Janabi, Shadeed reminds us was one of three insurgent leaders who worked out of Fallujah from April till last month. The others were the infamous Abu Musaeb al-Zarqawi and Janabi's fellow-Iraqi Omar Hadid.

Despite reports that Hadid had been killed, Janabi insisted in the interview reported by Shadeed that he was not dead: "He is fighting with his men."

Shadeed, who wrote under a Baghdad dateline and was therefore presumably in Baghdad while reporting and writing the story, said that Janabi spoke "from a village near Fallujah". That could imply that Shadeed did a phone interview with him.

But Shadeed also tells us that Janabi was "wearing a T-shirt, jeans and a checkered headscarf. As in a previous interview last month, he had a belt of explosives around his waist." Which means either that Shadeed elicited these sartorial details from Janabi during the phone interview (unlikely?), or that one of the three, probably Iraqi, stringers credited at the end of the story had actually seen him face-to-face and was able to report the sartorials.

So, Janabi still in touch one way or another with the western media. How do you spell "broke the back of the insurgency" again?

(AP is now reporting that, "American warplanes pounded Fallujah with missiles Sunday as insurgents fought running battles with coalition forces in the volatile western Iraqi city." Also, Fallujah:

    erupted in more violence Sunday, starting when American and Iraqi forces clashing with guerrillas in several suburbs and ending with U.S. airstrikes on suspected insurgent hideouts.

    "The strikes were conducted throughout the day and were called in by troops in (armed) contact with and observing the enemy moving from house to house,'' spokesman Lt. Lyle Gilbert said...

    Fallujah resident Abdullah Ahmed said the fighting started after U.S. soldiers brought 700-800 men into the city to clear rubble from damage caused by November's offensive.

    "The clashes started as soon as the young men entered the city,'' Ahmed said. "The American troops were surprised and decided to launch military operations.''

So I guess we can say that Fallujah is another "Mission Accomplished" for the Bushies that didn't quite work out?)

* Finally, still from today's WaPo, the story about how another member of "The gang who couldn't shoot straight," Colin Powell, got egg all over his face in Morocco when, basically, all the pro-Washington Arab potentates present told him "no way, Jose" on democratizing their countries...

However, if the potentates seemed a little resistant to the message, some of the democrats inside Egypt didn't seem to be. AP is now reporting from Cairo that:

    About 1,000 people gathered downtown Sunday, many with their mouths covered by yellow stickers reading "Enough,'' to protest the possibility that [strongly pro-US] President Hosni Mubarak might run for a fifth term or that his son, Gamal, might succeed him...

    Hosni Mubarak, 76, has been president since 1981, when he replaced the assassinated Anwar Sadat. His current six-year term ends in October, and he has not said whether he will run again.

    Some participants said the largely silent action - held in front of Egypt's Supreme Judiciary Court - was the first purely anti-Mubarak protest since he came to power...

    The protest drew Islamists, nationalists, leftists and liberals. The Egyptian Movement for Change, a group of political parties and intellectuals, organized the protest to demand a constitutional change allowing more than one presidential candidate.

Interesting, indeed.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 02:28 PM | Comments (3)

December 11, 2004

Iraq: KDP urging postponement?

In this post Thursday, I noted it seemed surprising that the two big Kurdish parties hadn't yet presented their promised joint list for Iraq's national elections.

Today, from IWPR's "Iraqi Press Monitor", I got evidence that Masoud Barzani's KDP was-- as of last Monday-- calling for postponing the elections "for several months".

This came in an email feed from IWPR. (As so often, IWPR has been slow getting this text up onto their website. I guess it might get there soon.)

What they have in the email feed is an editorial from the KDP's daily Al-Taakhi, from Dec 6 (Mon.), which says:

    The neighboring countries, especially the Arab ones, have not proven their seriousness regarding the help needed to enhance stability in Iraq. The Arab countries have tried to create a political balance in Iraq on certain bases, including a role they imagine for residents of the "opposing triangle", so to speak. Unfortunately, Iraqi social divisions have become clearer. There is the failure to form a unified list of candidates among the Kurds and their allies. There is also the Shia list. These divisions will lead to catastrophic consequences if there are disagreements over the elections results. Hence, we call for postponing elections several months.
...Juan Cole has a lot of good material up on his site today that gives more texture to the election-preparations story. In particular, he has two or three items making clear that Moqtada Sadr has been speaking out strongly against the current election plan.

But this piece from the Financial Times, that Juan links to, makes clear that some of Sadr's supporters intend to vote in the elections anyway, disregarding his call that they abstain. The FT piece notes too that some of the "officials" (as they call him) who helped put together Sistani's UIA list claim that some Sadrists-- or possibly, at this point, "former" Sadrists?-- have been included in the list...

Anyway, evidently a very intense form of politics is continuing within each of Iraq's major ethnic/religious communities over the elections issue, as well as between different strands of different communities trying to build coalitions together.

Also interesting from the IWPR email feed was this (digest of an) editorial from the Islamic Dawa Party's Al-Bayan, from last Sunday, which warned that:

    Several days ago, the gas and electricity crises became much sharper. We are not exaggerating if we say they might threaten the political process. Such crises, if they occurred in other countries, might shake even stable political regimes. In a country like ours, which is still suffering multi-faceted crises, burdens will be doubled...
Dawa is, of course, a prominent part of the UIA list, announced Thursday. So I guess the qualms of its leaders about the appropriateness of holding elections in January got assuaged somehow...

Posted by Helena Cobban at 10:13 AM | Comments (15)

December 10, 2004

Abusing "psychiatry"

Many new stories have come out recently documenting multiple instances of serious mistreatment of detainees by US military personnel both in months considerably before the incidents that happened at Abu Ghraib in November 2003, and in months considerably after the Abu Ghraib abuses become public, in April this year.

Now, from Salon, comes an intriguing story about a Military Intel sergeant, Greg Ford, who,

    (1) directly witnessed serious acts of detainee abuse being carried out by members of his own unit, in June 2003; then

    (2) first tried to get his immediate team leader to stop the abuse; then when that didn't work Ford decided to report the behavior to his commanding officer, Capt. Victor Artiga;

    at which point

    (3) Artiga initiated an emergency psychiatric intervention against Ford and had him shipped out of Iraq strapped to a gurney.

As someone over on Yankeedoodle's Comments board remarked, "Which was the last world power that abused psychiatry to try to stifle dissent?"

The Salon story, written by a fellow counter-intel agent, David DeBatto, indicates that Ford was not the only potential abuse-whistleblower to be given this "treatment".

Ford got flown out of Iraq to Kuwait. He was kept under guard there, and then flown to the big US military hospital in Landstuhl, Germany. There, he was examined by a Col. C. Tsai who-- like all the other mental-health professionals along the way who examined him found him basically to be of sound mind. (One of the early shrinks who examined, however, got browbeaten by Capt. Artiga into going along with the medevac order.)

DeBatto writes that Landstuhl's Col. Tsai,

    told a film crew for Spiegel Television that he was "not surprised" at Ford's diagnosis. Tsai told Spiegel that he had treated "three or four" other U.S. soldiers from Iraq that were also sent to Landstuhl for psychological evaluations or "combat stress counseling" after they reported incidents of detainee abuse or other wrongdoing by American soldiers.
Significant, too, was the fact that the unit that Ford worked in was commanded, as was the unit later made infamous by the Abu Ghraib scandal, by Col. Thomas Pappas.

Here is DeBatto's account of the abuse that Ford witnessed being committed, in Samarra in June 2003:

    He described multiple incidents of what he called "war crimes" and "torture" of Iraqi detainees ranging in age from about 15 to 35. According to Ford, his teammates, three counterintelligence agents like himself -- one of them a woman -- systematically and repeatedly abused several Iraqi male detainees over a two-to three-week time period. Ford describes incidents of asphyxiation, mock executions, arms being pulled out of sockets, and lit cigarettes forced into detainee's ears while they were blindfolded and bound. These atrocities took place in an Iraqi police station, Ford said. His attempts to stop the abuse were met with either indifference or threats by his team leader, who was himself one of the abusers, according to Ford.

    Ford clenched his fists tightly and shook his head slowly from side to side. "I guess one of the things that pisses me off most is the arrogance," he said. "The condescending attitude that my team had. Some of the medics, too. Saying things like 'So what, he's just another haji,' like they were scum or some kind of animal, really just pisses me off."

DeBatto noted that in civilian life, Ford had had a long career as a prison guard. In which case, he seems to have been one of the better kinds of guards, who understand the value of self-discipline and restraint in a detentions officer's actions.

In August 2004, DeBatto writes, Ford finally got to file a report on his allegations of war crimes and abduction-- which he did with the Sacramento, California office of the FBI:

    That office forwarded the report to the Bureau's headquarters in Washington, which in turn passed it along to the Department of Defense. Ford says he met with investigators from the DoD's Office of the Inspector General in the last week of September. "It was obvious from their line of questioning that their mission was to cover up for DoD and the Army," Ford said. Special Agent Karen Ernst of the FBI's Sacramento office told me that the Bureau "may" have jurisdiction in the matter and is prepared to step in if the DoD "drops the ball on this." Although she would not offer an opinion of Ford's case, she did say that they only file reports if they believe the allegations have "some merit."

    The Department of the Army Office of the Inspector General has also launched an investigation into Ford's allegations. Although by policy they can neither confirm nor deny the existence of a current investigation, Ford said that investigators have flown out to California to interview him and have conducted several follow-up interviews as well as requested documents and e-mail records from him. Requests through the Freedom of Information Act to the Army or the DoD for any reports relating to Ford and his allegations have resulted in a flurry of letters stating essentially that the case is "complex" and that it will take additional time to compile all of the requested documents.

    Neither the California Office of the Adjutant General in Sacramento nor the state's Judge Advocate General (JAG) office would officially comment, but staff at both places told me off the record that they hoped Ford would be vindicated and the officers in question punished for "abuse of authority."

    According to an Army CID special agent who is familiar with Ford's case, "This is a classic case of a whitewash. A coverup. The agent in Iraq never even looked at the 15-6 investigation the 223rd supposedly did. No one was ever interviewed until Abu Ghraib hit the fan." When I asked him whether the CID was complicit in an Army coverup of the case, he said, "Absolutely ... Do you have any idea how ugly this case could get if they ever really looked into it? It would open up a whole can of worms that they just don't want to touch." The agent, who refused to give his name for fear of retaliation, added, "Based on everything I know about this case, I believe Ford. I have seen too many similar cases not to. It fits the pattern. Everyone involved in this blatant coverup should be criminally prosecuted. For this to have dragged on for over a year without being investigated is ridiculous." In September, the CID conducted two telephone interviews with Marciello, but no one else in the 223rd has yet been interviewed, including myself.

    His nightmarish experience with the Army in Iraq has changed him forever, Ford told me as we sat on a bench near the fountain in front of California National Guard headquarters in Sacramento. He said that he intended to devote the next few years, and maybe even the rest of his life, to working with individuals and organizations in the fight for human rights and dignity. He specifically mentioned Amnesty International and the World Organization for Human Rights.

Well, it's Dec 10. Human Rights Day. Happy Human Rights Day, everyone. And thanks to Greg Ford for taking a great stand for humanity and justice!

Posted by Helena Cobban at 09:41 PM | Comments (19)

'Cleaning up' in Fallujah

In connection with military operations, there are two distinct kinds of "cleaning up" that go on. One is the "mopping up" operations that the advancing armies themselves do to secure the areas they've taken (a phase that can segue over into "ethnic cleansing".) Personally I hate all these uses of household-management terminology in connection with what is almost always a very brutal phase of the fighting.

And then, there's the real "cleaning up" that needs to be done in the battlefield, once the armies have finished their business.

A small team from the ICRC was able to get into Fallujah yesterday-- many days after the hostilities there supposedly ended. According to a Reuters report from Geneva, on Friday morning ICRC spokesman Florian Westphal,

    expressed concern about civilians in Falluja, where sewage is flowing in the streets and hundreds of bodies apparently lie in a warehouse since a U.S. assault.
I don't know if there are still bodies in the streets in Fallujah. I imagine there are still, certainly, bodies in many of the destroyed or not-destroyed houses that US troops have busted into over the past month.

Dahr Jamail has an extraordinary, and extremely upsetting, album of photos of bodies in Fallujah. Absolutely sit down and say a prayer before you look at it.

Here's what he says about these photos:

    Two weeks ago someone was allowed into Fallujah by the military to help bury bodies. They were allowed to take photographs of 75 bodies, in order to show pictures to relatives so that they might be identified before they were buried. These pictures are from a book of these photos. They are being circulated publicly around small villages near Fallujah where many refugees are staying.
There are 58 photos. I haven't looked at them all yet. The first one is titled "Dead boy holding a white surrender flag", and it goes on from there. Some of the bodies appear to be in houses, some in streets. Quite a number have had the flesh of the extremities already eaten by dogs. At least one of the pics shows a body with the feet sawn off by something (possibly a tank?)

Imagine if one of the people pictured was your son, sister, brother, dad, or aunt?

As I've said before, it's probably hard to figure out whether it's better to know that a loved one has suffered such a fate, or not to know.

Anyway, back to the ICRC press conference...

The Reuters report said:

    A team of seven ICRC Iraqi staff, including engineers, entered Falluja on Tuesday for the first time since the assault by 10,000 U.S. troops backed by Iraqi units began on Nov. 8.

    U.S. estimates say some 1,600 rebels, including foreign Islamists and Iraqi Sunni Arab nationalists, were killed in the city in the volatile western Anbar province.

    "Our team was told by the U.S. army that there are several hundred dead bodies in a warehouse in the city," Westphal told Reuters, adding that the ICRC team was unable to see the site.

    "Obviously it is something we will follow up with a view to ensure that any human remains are properly identified and families are informed," he said.

    ICRC officials also saw "sewage flowing in some streets," according to the spokesman. Raw sewage and a lack of clean water can pose a public health threat, including diarrhoeal diseases.

    "We are looking at how to help with the rehabilitation of the water supply and sewage system," Westphal said.

So if the US Army knows that "several hundred" bodies have been warehoused in that single location-- I'm hoping it's a refrigerated warehouse but fear it probably isn't-- then what prevents them from either
    (a) arranging for a handover of these bodies to civilian bodies outside outside of the city who could help identify them, notify the relatives, and arrange for as proper and expeditious a burial as possible, or at least,

    (b) allowing an ICRC team in to photograph the bodies and start planning for their eventual removal and burial?

Could the reason be that the US military are embarrassed about the condition of these bodies-- and perhaps, about the proportion of them that seem not to be the bodies of fighters-- and therefore don't want the ICRC to see them at all?

I'm weeping inside of me. What can we do about this? How can we explain to that majority of US citizens that seems still to support this war the depths of depravity to which it has led?

Posted by Helena Cobban at 08:32 AM | Comments (10)

December 09, 2004

Shi-ite-led list unveiled

At a press conference in Baghdad a couple of hours ago Hussain al-Shahristani, the Iraqi Shi-ite pol (and former nuclear scientist) who was tipped for the "interim PM" post that Allawi finally got last June, unveiled the electoral list of the United Iraqi Alliance, that he and Ayatollah Sistani have worked at putting together.

Reuters and AP both have reports on Shahristani's press conference. They are significantly different, so I just decided to archive both accounts together.

JWN readers are no doubt aware that the election is for a constitutional assembly - cum- parliament that will have 275 members, one-third of whom must be women. There's a single-constituency, p.r. system for voting, similar to Israel's. In other words, voters vote for a single party (or coalition) list, and then the seats are divided among the lists according to how many votes each receives. Obviously, it's better for a candidate to be placed near the top of the relevant list as he or she then gets a better chance of being voted in.

So a lot of the jockeying in list-formation goes on around the position of each named candidate on the list. I think each of the lists presented has to have a woman in each third place.

The UIA list presented by Shahristani today contains the names of 228 candidates, indicating that its architects are hoping to win as many as that number of seats in the assembly.

On the crucial issue of Moqtada al-Sadr's relationship with this list, the Reuters and AP accounts differ significantly. AP reported that,

    Shahristani said the movement of firebrand anti-U.S. cleric Muqtada al-Sadr had been left off the list because it has not registered with Iraq's electoral commission. It was not immediately clear if any al-Sadr supporters were on the list as independents.

    "The Sadrist movement announced that it supports the religious authorities and its call for Iraqis to hold elections,'' al-Shahristani added. ``It also supports the list.'' Shahristani, said the movement of firebrand anti-U.S. cleric Muqtada al-Sadr had been left off the list because it has not registered with Iraq's electoral commission. It was not immediately clear if any al-Sadr supporters were on the list as independents.

    "The Sadrist movement announced that it supports the religious authorities and its call for Iraqis to hold elections,'' al-Shahristani added. ``It also supports the list.''

The Reuters report said, by contrast:
    Representatives from the movement led by Moqtada al-Sadr, a rebellious young cleric who has led two uprisings against U.S. forces in Iraq this year, are also in the coalition, although Sadr and his chief religious advisers are not involved.
Since AP had an apparent (though not directly cited) quote from Shahristani on the issue of whether the Sadrist movement was included on the list or not, that seems more definitive but who knows. Even that account asserts, however, that the Sadrists will support the list; so that may be the most important thing (if true).

Parties and groupings prominently represented on the list include the two big Shi-ite parties, Da'wa and SCIRI, plus Chalabi's INC.

Also on the list are some Kurds and some Turkmen, quite possibly all of them also Shi-ites. (Most Kurds, however, are Sunnis, so the Shi-ite/Yazidi Kurds on the UIA list may not pull in huge numbers of Kurdisah votes.)

Regarding non-Shi-ites, the two wire service accounts again differ a little in their assessment of the "weight" of the Sunni Arabs included on the list. AP says that,

    Independent Sunni Muslims belonging to various tribal groups are included on the list, but no major Sunni political movements were named.
Well, it may be true that no major "Sunni political movements" were there. But at least one significant Sunni tribal confederation is apparently represented on the list since the AP account goes on to note that Sheik Fawaz al-Jarba, described as " head of the powerful Sunni Shemar [Shamar?] tribes in the northwestern city of Mosul", participated in the press conference and gave it this endorsement: "I think that this list is a patriotic list. We hope that Iraqi people will back this list.''

The Reuters account explicitly says that "the chief of the Shamar"-- presumably Jarba-- is included on the list. It would of course be interesting to know how many other Sunnis have been included on it as well; also Christians, who are mentioned nowhere in the two wire-service accounts; also, of course, to know the exact position that Jarba and all the other mentioned parties have been given on the UIA list.

Re Jarba and the Shamar, Reuters adds:

    The inclusion of the tribe, led by Sheikh Fouaz al-Jarba, a cousin of Iraq's interim president, would appear to be a particularly astute move as Iraq's security forces battle to suppress an insurgency thought to be led by Sunni extremists.
Anyway, no doubt we'll be getting a lot more of the information we need about the exact composition of the UIA list over the days ahead. I for one would really love to see whether it includes any Christians-- and equally importantly, whether it includes them in the "higher" positions on the list where they are likely to get elected.

I note that of Hizbullah's 12 members in the Lebanese parliament, two are Sunnis and one a Christian. That is of course a very different voting system; but still, it will be interesting to see if Shahristani, Sistani, Chalabi, and the other Shi-ite pols who've pulled the UIA list together have aimed at, and succeeded in, getting Christians onto it.

It also seems to me significant that this group of Shi-ite community leaders have been so apparently effective in building and presenting a unified national list. The two Kurdish parties have announced their intention to do so, but haven't presented their list yet. I find that quite surprising, since the Kurdish parties have a much longer history of engaging in open political-party life-- which they have done in semi-independent Kurdistan throughout the past decade-- than the Shi-ites, who I previously thought might have a major problem transitioning from extremely scary and violent "politics" of operating as shadowy underground movements, to open political life.

In the end, the ability of the Iraqi Shi-ites to be able to pursue peaceful politics among themselves-- and also, to fold into that political life all the other members of the Iraqi community-- is the very best guarantee for the building of a stable, decent society in Iraq.

Some people in the west go on and on about sticking up for the rights of minorities. But you can never have even the hope of decent political system-- in Iraq, in South Africa or elsewhere-- if the rights of the majority grouping inside the population are systematically violated on a continuing basis. So let's not put the cart before the horse, eh? Let's see the majority having a good chance of getting their rights assured, and then within the resulting political system of course the protection of minorities is crucial. Smart leaders inside the "majority" communities can also generally be trusted to see that this is in their own best interests, too...

Posted by Helena Cobban at 12:04 PM | Comments (7)

CSM column on Syria

Today's CSM has the column I wrote for them about (and from) Syria.

Again, I'm not really happy with the title they chose. Plus, in the CSM's own version of the piece, they annoyingly misspelled my name.

I'm generally, though not completely, happy with the way the text came out. I wrote it really fast, on Tuesday, while battling jetlag and continuing to pester Air France for news of our four lost bags.

(Three of the bags got delivered yesterday evening, completely gone-through by Customs and repacked in a shockingly shoddy way. The fourth one was "impounded" by Customs for a while, but an officer in the Customs office at Philadelphia Int'l Airport assured Bill yesterday that it was being released back to Air France for onward delivery to us. Right, so now I'm expecting another three-day wait from AF's less-than-efficient baggage-forwarding service... Why d'you think it got impounded? Maybe something to do with the nice sticky candy from Qom, Iran that was in there? Or the book in Arabic on the history of Hizbullah? I guess we'll have to wait and see what contents it still has when it gets here...)

On a broader note, what with having now published a bunch these past few weeks about Palestinians, Syria, and-- still to come!-- Iran, and then Lebanon's Hizbullah, do you think I'll make it onto CAMERA's watchlist of individual journos??

People like those who work at CAMERA seem to think, in general, that ignorance is bliss; that it's far better for the reading public not to actually get any kind of a nuanced picture of life in Arab and Muslim countries... Especially, not to get the idea that Arab and Muslim people might be (gasp!) just regular human beings like you and me.

I guess that from their point of view, I suffer from a deep flaw: I generally happen to lik most of the people I meet, whatever national or religious community they happen to come from. Indeed, I've often had the experience where I get to meet someone with whose politics I deeply disagree-- but I end up really like the person whose views and actions I abhor so strongly. The most evident encounters where that's been the case were a leading Israeli settler activist on the Golan Heights, whom I interviewed in 1998, and the former head of the Renamo spcial-operations forces in Mozambique (2003).

I should note-- for whatever it's worth-- that this does not always happen. When I met and interviewed Ariel Sharon (1987), I was revolted by the bullying, "big-man" nature of his personality-- the kind of arrogant affect of a guy who thinks he's irresistible to women. Yuk. I guess it worked for Oriana Fallaci. It certainly didn't for me. (Bashir Gemayel, by contrast, had a puppy-like aspect to his personality that, I could see, might be attractive to some people.)

Anyway, of course I know as a journalist or researcher that I should always work to set such extremely subjective aspects of my interview encounters firmly to one side and "just report the facts". It's a generally useful myth of both journalism and social-science research that this is a possible, as well as desirable, thing to do. Don't believe it for a moment! Every journo brings to her or his work a full personality; none is simply an information-vacuuming automaton.

So I announce my personal predilections: I generally happen to like the people whom I meet in my work. I'm interested in their always-complex stories, and how they got to hold their present positions and their present points of view. That's the case whether I'm interviewing righting or leftwing Israelis, rightwing or leftwing Arabs, or anyone else.

I think that being interested in other people's stories means you get to understand them, and their societies, better than if you're not. And then, after the interview encounter, I try to write any subsequent articles using my own judgment and being as fair to everyone concerned as possible... That's how I work. I was trained in this by, more than anyone else, some great earlier editors at the CSM back in the 1970s who encouraged me always to try to find "the story behind the story", and the wellsprings of other people's motivations.

Doing this does, however, mean that you can't rule "beyond the pale of human intercourse" any whole group of people-- "Arabs", "fundamentalists", "Jews", "Iranians", or anyone else. Sure, in any of these groups, as in any other group, there will be a number of people who do fairly despicable things and behave in fairly despicable ways. That's a different issue. (And even for those people, I continue to work to try to "hate the sin while loving the sinner.")

... And on the general topic of fairness, I should add here that I just now got a call from Charlottesville aorport, and our fourth bag should be on our doorstep "within forty minutes". Once it's arrived I'll be quietly grateful to Air France.

(Final update on the riveting lost-bags saga: Bag #4 arrived. The repacking done by Customs was once again really a crap job. None of my crucial research materials are missing, however, and at least three of the packages of Iranian sweets were still in there. They took a couple of the others, however, and left two fliers saying "Agricultural goods" get impounded and destroyed by US Customs. The small notebook w/ my contact numbers etc in Syria and Palestine that I had foolishly put into the bag was there, though evidently rearranged. Anyway, as promised, my thanks to Air France for getting the bag to me. I don't blame them for the tardiness on this bag, at all... Only the others. But all is now forgiven.)

Posted by Helena Cobban at 10:12 AM | Comments (2)

Jordan; Iraqi exile ballots; Orwell

Tuesday, that well-known "democrat" Jordan's King Abdullah (not!) railed vociferously against Iranian influence in the upcoming Iraqi elections. Yesterday (or so), the Iraqi newspaper Ad-dustour reported that

    Prime Minister Iyad Allawi has decided to make the Jordanian capital Amman the place to sort out the absentee ballots of Iraqi expatriate voters. Hence, ballot boxes will be transported to Amman for this purpose.
I got this latter nugget of news from today's email feed from IWPR's "Iraqi Press Monitor". For some reason they haven't posted today's IPM content on their website yet. I guess it'll happen soon.

My question is, "Why should anyone particularly trust this process of conveying all the Iraqi exiles' votes to Amman and then counting them there?"

Btw, I'm finding it frustratingly difficult to find precise info on how, exactly, the promised provisions for including Iraqi exiles in the voting process will actually be implemented-- apart from the above.

For example, in how many different places around the world can they cast their votes? (In South Africa's landmark 1994 election, exiles could vote through their local SA consulates.) What are the rules for determining their eligibility? Roughly how many people might we be talking about?

Anyone who could point me to any answers there, please do so...


Juan Cole has launched some of his usual trenchant commentary at the anti-Iranian pronunciamentos voiced by the Abdullah and his fellow Sunni-Arab head of state, the usually supine Ghazi Yawar of Iraq. Juan even has a multi-colored map of how scarily (from Abdallah's viewpoint) Shi-ite-dominated the Middle East might become, if the present trends toward Shi-ite empowerment in Iraq are not resisted.

This whole set of arguments--whether voiced by Abdallah or by the Bushites--that seek to demonize and excoriate Iran's (and Syria's) alleged interventions in Iraq as "illegitimate foreign intervention" in Iraq's affairs embody a breathtaking amount of sheer gall, not to mention chutzpah.

"Foreign intervention"???

What the heck is the US government involved in in Iraq, on a massive and continuing basis? (Involved in, let us remember, as a result of a war that had no basis whatsoever in international law.)

"Foreign intervention"?

What the heck were the Jordanians involved in last year when they were grooming a Hashemite cousin of Abdullah's to return to Baghdad and start talking about a restoration of the Hashemite so-called "monarchy" through which Britain ruled Iraq in the middle of the last century?

Of course, this whole business of the US occupation forces in Iraq trying to claim "indigenous authenticity" for themselves and their (Iraqi and other) allies, especially by immediately dubbing anyone who opposes them there as "anti-Iraqi" is a continuing big theme of US propaganda. For example, when they routinely describe the people fighting against them as "anti-Iraqi forces" (AIF).

This, despite the fact that the proportion of Iraqis among the insurgent fighters is far, far higher-- maybe 95%?-- than the proportion of Iraqis in the pro-US, pro-Allawi coalition of fighters (maybe 20%?)...

In this, as in so much of the relentless, logic-bending propaganda spewed out by the Bushites, the "Ministry of Peace" and "Ministry of Truth" of George Orwell's 1984 have quite clearly come to life.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 09:15 AM | Comments (3)

December 08, 2004

CSM column on Shatila

With all my travels I failed to post anything here before now about the column I had in the CSM November 29, under the title Revisiting the gritty symbol of Palestinian survival - Shatila.

Well, I wouldn't have given it that title since the whole way the story was written was so that the name of the camp wouldn't be disclosed till about one-third the way down.

Ever since the column came out, the near-rabid "watchdog" group CAMERA has been snapping at the heels of my editors at the CSM, focusing on where I described the terrible 1982 massacre in the camp as "Israeli-orchestrated".

The CSM is one of 14 "print media" outlets that CAMERA has on its watchlist, according to this page on their website. They also have a lengthy watchlist of individual journos, too. Shucks, I didn't make that one!

You can get a good idea of how this operation, CAMERA, works if you check their website out a bit. For example, on one page there they have a so-called Dictionary of Bias.

I suppose their intent in calling it that is to show their "activists" how to identify what CAMERA judges to be anti-Israeli bias? But what they recommend there, in terms of "acceptable" terminology, would embody a high degree of pro-Likud bias... So yes, you could indeed say it is a "Dictionary of Bias".

(See in particular what they have to say about the terms "occupied territories", "settlements", etc... )

Oh well. I think my editors are trying to fight the good fight. At least, I hope so.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 04:10 PM | Comments (4)

"Calm" in Palestine?

Today, both the NYT and the WaPo had short reports of yesterday's incident in Gaza in which a Hamas unit apparently lured an Israeli unit into an ambush and one Israeli soldier was killed.

In both reports, this incident was presented as an out-of-the-blue operation undertaken by Hamas that broke what was reported as (NYT) "a relatively calm spell that had followed Mr. Arafat's death", or (WaPo) "three weeks of relative calm in Gaza ".

Relative calm???

Who the heck do they think they're kidding?

Check, for example, this report from the Gaza-based Palestinian Center for Human Rights, which tells us that during the week of Nov 25 - Dec 1:

    * 7 Palestinians, including a mentally handicapped man and a physician, were killed by Israeli troops. [Four of these were killed in Gaza; three in the West Bank.]

    * Israeli troops conducted a series of incursions into Palestinian areas in the West Bank and Gaza Strip

    * 8 houses were destroyed in Rafah [Gaza]

    * 35 donums[1] of agricultural land were razed in the Khan Yunis [Gaza]

    * 3 houses were destroyed in the West Bank in the context of retaliatory measures against families of Palestinian activists

    * Houses were raided and dozens of Palestinian civilians were arrested in the West Bank

    * Continued shelling of residential areas and civilian facilities, especially in Rafah where 13 Palestinian civilians were injured...


    * Construction of the 'Annexation wall' in the West Bank has continued

    * Israeli troops have continued to impose a total siege on the OPT and a number of Palestinian civilians were arrested at military checkpoints

Or, you can read this or this preceding weekly reports from the PCHR...

I think when the journos there lazily use terms like "relative calm" to describe what preceded Tuesday's incident, what they must be thinking of is, "relative calm from the Israeli point of view, only".

Which does kind of show their bias (or their moral and professional laziness), doesn't it?

But the effects of such bias (or laziness) are insidious. By reporting the situation as they do, such journalists paint a picture in which the Palestinian militants, alone, are seen as initiating violence. And especially when everyone in the world is described as being "excited by the prospects for peace after Arafat's death", or whatever, it makes Hamas seem like definite killjoys, at best, or enacters of senseless, gratuitous violence, at worst.

You can bet that, when the Israelis undertake the almost inevitable "punitive counter-action" for what happened on Tuesday, that will be duly reported in the major US media as "a response to" what Hamas did...

The high level of Israeli violence that has been sustained against Palestinians since Arafat's death has had real political consequences already. It has certainly contributed to making Hamas and Islamic Jihad very wary indeed of committing to any ceasefire of the kind that Abu Mazen and Co. have been urging. The Palestinians had an experience of a "unilateral" (i.e., from their side only) ceasefire back in summer 2003-- also under Abu Mazen's guidance-- and it got them nowhere... Because the Israelis refused to honor it...

What will happen this time?

AP is reporting that Israel and the PA have reached agreement on plans for the PA leadership election scheduled for January 9. That's good. The report doesn't say whether Israel will actually be withdrawing from the Palestinian towns and cities and allowing Palestinian freedom of movement during the campaign period, as the Palestinian side had demanded.

So let's wait and see how "free and fair" these elections actually end up being...

(By the way, that AP report also includes the "three weeks of relative calm" trope.. )

Posted by Helena Cobban at 09:24 AM | Comments (3)

December 06, 2004

Notes on Iran


I can't pretend to have gathered anything like a satisfactory picture of the forces at work in today's Iran from a visit that lasted only 60 hours and was anyway not designed primarily to be any kind of a "journalistic" enquiry. Still, I'm really glad I got the chance to go there. I had some intriguing glimpses into a few small slivers of the country's life; and I met some really interesting people. If (or rather, when) I go back there, I'll try to prepare for the trip more systematically, and it won't be so much like jumping in at the deep end. This little trip I've just had feels more like an appetite-whetter.

From my one previous trip to Teheran, to do a "quickie" piece on the story of mounting unrest there, for the London Sunday Times back in 1977, I remember mainly the monochrome, yellowy-gray coloration of the city; the complexity of the political story there; and the difficulty of covering it. I didn't leave the capital. I forget who exactly I talked to that time-- it was the "usual suspects": some government people, some local journalists, some professors, some diplomats... I certainly didn't feel I had anything like the same kind of the story there that I had, at that time, in Beirut or Cairo, or even Amman.

This time, the city was exactly the same color as it was 27 years ago. The Alborz Mountains that ring the north side of it were capped with snow, but their view was obscured by a miasma of yellow-ish pollution, just as I remembered.

Most of the city slopes down from the north to the south, and beside the strees there are open water-runways down which gurgled plentiful runoff from the snow.

We spent a lot of time driving around the city, or more accurately sitting in the traffic jams that plague it today, just as they did in 1977. It seems that nowadays it has a metro, though we didn't ride on it. (I gather it has sex-segregated cars.) There also seemed to be an extensive municipal bus system; and in all the buses that I saw, women had to ride at the back. Lots of things are sex-segregated in Iran that wouldn't be in most western countries: for example, there were completely separate security-check lines for men and women at the airport.

I'm writing this on the flight back to the US, having had a plane-change in De Gaulle airport in Paris. As I got onto this plane, I was picked out of the line filing through the jetway and subjected to a very thorough and very intimate pat-down-- by a woman- but right there in the jetway with everyone walking right past. It felt a little humiliating, yes.

On the other hand, in Iran, I also saw men and women working alongside each other in a number of different service occupations. There were women and men immigration officers staffing the desks in the airport. (The female officers wore loose black chadors over baggy dark-green uniforms.) Women and men were working together behind the counter in the "fast-food" restaurant we went to Thursday. At a more formal restaurant we went to in Teheran Tuesday, there was a female "host", and women were running the cash registers, though all the waiters were male...

In Iran, too, women drive. This is another big difference from Saudi Arabia.

As we drove around, I didn't see any murals or billboards bearing anti-US or anti-Israeli images or messages. This isn't to say there are none. Bill the spouse said he saw a couple of boards with slogans that said something about "Israel". (We can both more or less read Farsi sript, which is very close to Arabic. And though the languages are significantly different, you can pick out words for proper nouns fairly easily.)

There were a fair number of big murals around the city-- mainly, ones painted onto the walls at the end of, for example, a three- or four-story-high housing development. Most of them memorialized a shaheed -- usually, someone from either the regular armed forces or the Pasdaran who had died during the punishing eight-year-long war that Saddam Hussein imposed on the country (with Washington's eager help), from 1980 through 1988. These war-hero murals usually bore a large picture of the shaheed in question and his name and position; a smaller representation of one or more forms of military hardware-- usually painted in sort of cartoonish, "live-action" mode; and sometimes a picture of flowers or a small representation of the everywhere-recognizable Dome of the Rock mosque in Jerusalem, which were there I guess to give some pointers as to the kinds of values that the guy was said to have had died fighting for.

(I think the number of Iranian war dead from that war was around 200,000? I must find out that number. Actually, the whole question of Iran's losses from that war-- both human and material-- is one that is far too rarely even mentioned in the US these days. Indeed, the whole war is too ften forgtten, especially in the kinds of American locutions that refer to the 1990-91 fighting involving Iraq as the "first" Gulf war.)

Other large murals in Teheran bear the images of Khomeini, or Khamenei, or some other turbaned mullah or marja', instead of a shaheed.

I saw a couple of large posters--one on a street and one in the airport-- that carried explicit AIDS-awareness messages. One looked very unclear to me. It had writing in both Farsi and English. The English said something like: "Women, girls, AIDS and HIV". That was all. Even more puzzling: I think the image there was of a man. What was it about?

The one at the airport was more clear. Also in both English and Farsi, it carried the globally familiar message "ABC: Abstain; Be faithful; Condomize". Interesting that someone in the public health sector has enough clout to get a risqué message like that posted in a public place. (The family depicted in that poster looked generically western. Neither the woman nor the girl in it was veiled.)

* * *

And while we're on (or near) the subject of sexuality, I just want to add something else significant into the description I wrote Friday of the conference we went to Thusday afternoon. It was clear at one point in the discussion there that one of the really hot-button topics in the debate over democracy inside Iran these days is the question of the existence and visibility within current discussions of democracy in the west of the whole gay-rights issue. The conservatives-- in Iran, and elsewhere in the Muslim world-- seem to have gotten a lot of mileage out of arguing that if the local democratizers have their way, then rampant homosexualizing is going to happen all over the country and no decent Iranian will be safe.

I think it was in reference to that issue (as well as, perhaps, other issues) that Abdelkarim Soroush, in his presentation, took pains to say he wanted to deal for that discussion only with questions of a (more limited) formal or procedural democracy, rather than a full-blown "liberal" democracy.

I guess I hadn't really given very much thought before then to the ways the gay-rights discussion within the US has been heard and received in other parts of the world. Then, on Saturday, I was reading The Daily Star in Beirut, and there was an intriguing piece by a westerner who's been working as an English-language teacher at Damascus University who said that a large poroportion of his Syrian students there had been rooting for Bush during the recent US election-- and that one of the principal reasons they gave for doing that was because of what they understood to be Kerry's much more permissive position on gay rights.

H'mmm. Interesting. Perplexing. Challenging.

I think those of us in the west who are strong supporters of gay rights in our own societies need to be aware of these international reverberations, at the very least. Maybe, too, we need to be able to develop a global discourse that doesn't insist that every single "specialized" right that we're fighting for in our own societies also be held up as an essential litmus test for the the "health and rectitude" of pro-democracy movements elsewhere. After all, gay rights of the kind we're fighting for inside the US is still a highly contested --not to mention far from adequately achieved-- goal there as well. So it would be the height of arrogance for us to insist that, for example, Iranian or Syrian democrats have to include gay rights fully on their own agendas before we're ready to give them our support.

Someone at the conference (I forget who; I don't have my notes to hand right now on this plane) said that there are a number of "specialized" issues that Iranian democrats need to bracket, that is, to set to one side, for now. I guess gay rights would be one of those. Women's rights most certainly are not. I do think, though, that developing strong protestions for the privacy of what consenting adults do in their own homes is a strong desideratum. Privacy that, I note, is still not protected so long as anti-sodomy laws remain on the books of a number of the states inside the US, including my own.

* * *

Well, privacy, there's another handy segué in this slightly rambly reflection here... I just wanted to write something about the relationship between personal piety and theocracy (or, perhaps more accurately, the mullahocracy), based on what I saw and learned in Iran.

Firstly, a number of the people we talked with there expressed very strong criticisms of what they saw as the hypocrisy practised by many regime members who, they said, condoned a lot of corrupt behavior by those in their own families or entourages even if they didn't engage in such behavior themselves. Some we talked to railed against the coercive nature of, in particular, the dress codes imposed on women. Others noted that the resistance among younger Iranians to the publicly enforced female dress-code and to other social strictures imposed by the regime had led to a widespread readiness among the young to deride all forms of Muslim observance. Thus, we met a number of people who seemed committed to living lives of personal piety but who at the same time thought that the present mullahocracy seriously complicates the attainment of that goal.

Interesting.

* * *

Okay, so I'll just jot down a few more notes about how it felt for me to participate in the whole hijab thing.

I just want to backtrack a little and recall that when I was interviewing the Hizbullah guys in Beirut a few weeks ago, I got quite into the habit of not shaking hands with them when I greeted them or bade them farewell. The standard thing in those circs is you put your right hand vaguely near your heart to express greeting or "heartfelt" thanks or farewells or whatever.

So someone asked me, "Helena, how do you feel talking to men who won't even touch your hand?" I hought back to many harrassing incidents throughout my career and replied, "Well I'd rather talk to a guy who won't touch my hand than to a guy who wants to tough considerably more than my hand."

Similarly, regarding dress-codes, my general position is that I would rather deal with a dress code that mandates how many clothes you must wear than one that mandates how many you must take off. (This, especially after Abu Ghraib.) I don't seek to flaunt my body, since I view it more or less as a tool that lets me do the things I want to do in life.

So as our Emirates Air flight touched down in Teheran Tuesday evening and I saw the other unveiled women aboard start to put scarves over their hair I was quite ready to shake out the scarf I had tucked around my neck for just this purpose and drape it carefully over my short hairdo. No big deal, I thought. I was wearing a pair of fairly baggy black pants and a black cardigan that came down a few inches below my butt, which seemed as though it should be adequate to meet the code (and indeed did... except at the shrine in Qom.)

Once we were staying in the home of our kind and observant hosts F.H. and Rana, there were still family-level dress-code issues to figure out. We were staying in their guest apartment in the basement. On the first floor of the home were semi-"public" rooms, as Rana later explained the set-up to me. That is, the space where F. had his office and associated space where he could do business-related entertaining. On the second floor were the family's own quarters.

F and Rana were extremely generous and welcoming in inviting us to come to their family quarters to eat with them. But every time we did so, Rana and her 14-year-old daughter would dress in full chadors, because of the presence of an unrelated man (Bill) in the family space. Seeing Rana trying to race around the kitchen putting the finishing touches to breakfast gave me huge admiration for her skill in being able to manage that huge, slithery piece of cloth as she did so. (The abayas that Iraqi women wear in place of the chador are much easier to manage, since at least they have fixed hand-holes in them that give the cloth some basis for stability.)

When Bill left, Rana would whip off the chador, take off the headscarf she had on underneath it, and she would look like any western thirty-something woman in jeans, a sweater, and a pony-tail.

Out of respect for the rules of their home I never took my scarf off except in the privacy of the guest-space. It was okay. I had brought to light cotton scarves with me that served the purpose.

The only complicated thing I experienced regarding the dress-code was wrestling with the chador I had to wear in Qom. And the only uncomfortable thing was wearing the hot, heavy monto (overcoat) during most of the conference we went to Thursday. Bill later said he thought I could have taken it off, and I think he was right. I did have the long black cardigan thing on underneath.

But altogether, for me, the dress code thing was no big deal. I know that many Iranian women feel differently. I talked to some female Iranian professors whom I met at a conference in Beirut a few weeks back. They were delightedly scarfless there, and said they really appreciated the atmosphere on the campus of the American University of Beirut (and indeed, throughout all the city), where heavily veiled, lightly scarved, and unscarved woman mingle easily with each other in public. On the AUB campus, I might add, back when the weather was warmer the number of bare belly-buttons and even of belly-button rings easily exceeded the number of veiled women.

But even though th dress code was no big deal for me on the visit to Iran, by the time our short visit was coming to an end I was getting tired of it. In the airport terminal, there are numerous posters that remind women travelers to stick to Islamic dress. But as soon as we entered the door of the Dubai-bound plane, most of the headscarves started coming off. Including mine. Why so fast? "I was beginning to feel like the Hobbit's grandmother," I told Bill. I think it's mainly just a question of what you're used to.


Posted by Helena Cobban at 06:21 AM | Comments (8)

Meanwhile, in the gulag

    Attentive reader Christiane has been following some of the news stories about developments in the Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo cases. Since she figured that I was out of touch while in Iran (and Syria), she compiled a collection of some of the most significant of these stories.

    Thanks so much, Christiane! These look like really valuable references to have here on the blog.

    So the following is a lightly edited version of what she sent:

Meanwhile, somethings seems to be moving concerning the situation of prisoners, both in Abu Ghraib or in Guantanamo. Here are 11 links:

1) On the 30th of November the NYTimes reported on a leaked ICRC Report concerning the Guantanamo prisoners. (Also, here.)

Usually the ICRC reports are kept secret (it's a well established policy of the ICRC; in exchange they are granted access to the prisons and can make suggestions in order to improve the detention conditions.They also denounce what breaches the Convention and try to negotiate their end).

It is a good sign that some one in the administration leaked these reports. Maybe the government will eventually have to do something about it.

2) On December 1 the NYT carried this editorial on the subject, calling for an intervention in the Congress "who should make the actual government more accountable". (Also here.)...

3) December 1 also, Josh White of the WaPo wrote that the Pentagon authorities had been warned of possible abuse in Abu Ghraib's several weeks before the scandal of the abuse pictures spilled out. (Also here.)

4) Meanwhile, a US Human Right group has decided to file a complaint against Abu Ghraib's abuse in a German Court. (Also here.)

The move is not really threatening for the US. It will mainly embarrass Schroeder.. But it will lead to a lot of media reports..and while the case is still pending it could restrict the move of some the military personal concerned, especially Gen. Ricardo Sanchez who is based in Germany and directly named in the complaint, along with Rumsfeld, Tenet, Karpinski and other military personnel.

5) On Decmber 2, Josh White had another report on Afghan prisoners.

6) In addition, there's been the fairly well publicized "discovery" of additional photos, taken and later distributed by US service members-- in this case, Navy SEALs-- that indicate that abuse of prisoners abuse in Iraq may have begun as early as May 2003:
Some of the photos recall aspects of the images from Abu Ghraib, which led to charges against seven soldiers.

Though they have alarmed SEAL commanders, the photographs found by the AP do not necessarily show anything illegal, according to experts in the laws of war who reviewed the photos at the AP's request. Gary D. Solis, a former Marine Corps prosecutor and judge who teaches at the U.S. Military Academy, said the images showed "stupid" and "juvenile" behavior -- but not necessarily crimes.
The military says some troops are under investigation for the acts portrayed in these pictures.Of course, if the acts had been investigated and those responsible duly punished or correctd at the time, then matters may not have "progressed" to the point they did by November 2003...

7) Anyway, it looks as if the US treatment of prisoners is bound to get more attention. ICRC president Jakob Kellenberger has announced a visit to the US, where he is reportedly intending to discuss the issue of the treatment of prisonners on the table. However, no date has yet been fixed for the trip. So the Bushites can probably delay it as long as they want.

8) In other good news :
The leaders of 30 civil rights organizations yesterday called on the chairman and ranking member of the Senate Judiciary Committee to closely examine the civil rights record of the Bush administration's nominee for attorney general, Alberto R. Gonzales.
9) Meanwhile, an important 16-member panel has proposed a reform of the UN, especially the Security Council.

The first accounts of the panel's work made it seem as though it addressed only the dispute between US and other UN members concerning whether it was illegitimate to invade Iraq. The good thing is that most members admitted it was an illegitimate invasion. The bad thing is that a new tendency seems to come out, to allow preventive wars-- provided they are expressly authorized by the UN and aim at preventing serious threats.

The panel members also identified new threats to global stabiliy, among them environment and terrorism.

10) Almost simultaneously, a harsh campaign against Kofi Annan has begun in the US.It targets corruption in the oil for food program; of course there were errors there, but figures in and around the Bush administration are probably using this campaign to replace Annan with a Sec-Gen more friendly to the US.

Four EU leaders-- Germany, France, Spain and Britain-- as well as China and Russia immediately claimed their support for Annan. (Recall that Annan was earlier the candidate US pushed for by the US, when they wanted to prevent Boutros Gali getting a second term).

11) The US is still fighting against the International Criminal Court, at all costs :
The Bush administration Wednesday sought to head off a European initiative to obtain Security Council support for an International Criminal Court role in investigating war crimes in Burundi. The move came one day after an influential U.N. panel proposed that the 15-nation council take an active role in backing investigations into atrocities by the world's first permanent war crimes court.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 06:12 AM | Comments (3)

Inconveniences of travel

It's Monday morning in Philadelphia. We flew (back) here yesterday from Beirut, transiting through Paris-Charles de Gaulle. None of the four bags we checked made the connection. Grrr.

We met the college student daughter who's been so kindly looking after my car, had a nice dinner with her, then checked into an overpriced hotel before the drive home. Toilet blocked. Grrr.

Oh well, it's still pretty amazing that a person could travel so broadly and have such great experiences and interactions as I have over the past couple months. I am hugely aware and appreciative of that fact. My Auntie Katie, who raised me, was a very accomplished woman, a pioneer in elementary education. And she never in her life traveled outside England-- not even to Scotland or Wales...

Posted by Helena Cobban at 06:05 AM | Comments (1)

December 04, 2004

Islam and Democracy discussion


On Thursday, I was honored to participate in a long round-table discussion on "Religion and Democracy" that was co-sponsored by Ferdowsi University in Mashhad, Iran and the center for the Study of Islam and Democracy in Washington, DC. The session I was part of was held in a conference room at the Education Ministry in Teheran.

What follows here is a description of the substance of some of the most striking presentations made at the conference by Iranian participants. Please note that this account is a copy of what I wrote toward the end of this earlier JWN post. But I wanted to put this description up as a post on its own so that interested readers can join in a description on the Comments board that is limited purely to the substance of what I described there.

What follows also includes some of my own immediate reflections on what I heard.

If you want to read a bit about the fascinating back-story behind the holding of the conference, then go to that earlier post.

The participants in the Teheran session included CSID President Abdel-Aziz Sachedina, a distinguished professor of Islamic studies at the University of Virginia; Abdelkarim Soroush, a political philosopher who works in Germany now, but was previously at Princeton, Harvard, etc; Mohsen Kadivar, a tall, gentle-looking figure in mullah's robes who teaches at Tarbiat Modares University in Teheran; Forough Jahanbakhsh, who teaches at Queen's University in Toronto (and was the only other female participant); Ali Paya, a professor in Teheran who chaired the sessions and did much of the translating; and around a dozen others.

(Kadivar has his own website which certainly looks worth a lengthy visit. It has a good section in English, and one in Arabic, as well as all the Farsi material. In the Bio info in the English-language section, you can read that "Kadivar was arrested for the first time in May 1978 ? the last year of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi Shah's reign in Iran... 20 years later, the unconstitutional Cleric Court of Iran found him guilty of campaigning against the Islamic Republic because of the statements he had made in an interview with the banned Khordad Daily ... [and] he was sentenced to spend 18 months in Evin Prison, Tehran, and was released on July 17, 2000. He is still campaigning for the reform of the Islamic Republic of Iran.")

The proceedings were all bilingual, with the presentations given in either English or Farsi and then afterwards rendered orally into the other language. Here, I'm relying mainly on the notes I took during the session, though I'll also refer to the abstracts of the presentations distributed by the conference organizers... Longer versions of the presentations will later be published as a book, though I believe some of them may be available before that on the CSID's website.

Now, read more about Thursday's session...

Soroush started out by saying that though there are two main kinds of theries of democracy-- those that look only at its formal or procedural aspects, and those that attempt to build a full-blown theory of liberal democracy-- he wanted to concentrate at first on theories of formal democracy, and the compatibility of Islam with such a theory. He asserted forcefully that the era of seeking to "derive" theories of democracy from foundational Islamic texts (the Qur'an, the hadith) is no past, "because we'd be trying to conflate two different worlds, the traditonal and the modern". He argued that, "whatever is not incompatible with Islamic teaching can be called Islamic."

He said many parts of the theory of formal democracy could quite easily be seen as compatible with Islam, while other parts required more intellectual exploration. For example, regarding the separation of powers, he said that Ayatollah Mishkini had written broadly soon after the Islamic revolution in Iran on how this could be clearly derived from various suras and hadith. On the independence of the judiciary, he said that Muslims had had no problem with that, from the days of the Imam Ali on.

However, the two parts of a theory of formal democracy where he said considerably more work needed to be done by theorists of Islamic democracy were those relating to issues of political representation, and those relating to the bindingness of the decisions of a constituent assembly. (These are, in a sense, aspects of the same problem.)

He argued that in traditional Islamic theories of fiqh, there was no theory of representation, but only a theory of agency (vekala) which as he noted is something significantly different. This, in contrast to European ideas of the vox populi, or of the "general will", which can serve as theories of representation. On bindingness, he noted the distinctive differences between this and traditional Muslim theories of the purely advisory role of a "consultative council".

If Soroush was looking at the kind of intellectual work that theorists of Islamic democracy (or, Islamic theorists of democracy) need to be doing, Kadivar set out some of the intellectual/theological bases on which this work could be done.

He said this work has gone through two main stages. In the first, people looked at whether democracy was compatible with the kind of Islamic practiced and presented in the days of the Prophet and the caliphs. "This was not sophisticated," he said, "but the answer was Yes. However, it flew in the face of the evidence."

Then, as a second stage, people got more sophisticated and started using more detailed models. They started to understand that there are many models of democracy and many models of Islam, so the question became to figure out which of these could be identified as being compatible.

He then presented a theory of what he called "liberated democracy", based on six theses:
  1. All people are equal. (As opposed to the times of "historical Islam", which saw differential status and power applied as between males and females, members of different religions, or slaves and freemen.)
  2. The freedom to choose and live the religion of your choice, with this being conceived of as a continuous right (i.e., people have the right to change their religions)
  3. Any intervention in the life of an individual requires his consent.
  4. All religious claims are open to critical evaluation and discussion; any statement contrary to reason cannot be called religious.. (In this regard, he said if a society using its collective reason comes to agreement on religious matters, then this would be close to the workings of a deliberative democracy.)
  5. The view that there are two types of statements: those that are eternally true and those that are subject to change. Statements in the first group are all just, all rational, and all "better than alternative models". "If any religious statement lacks any of these attributes, one can conclude that it was a temporary one, and its time is over."
  6. Those statements meant to be eternal address issues above the understanding of most people. The other kind can be discerned through collective reasoning. The number of "eternal" statements is small. Therefore this leaves much, including the form of government, to be determined through collective reasoning.
He concluded by saying that democracy can't necessarily be derived from the inherited Islamic tradition but must be reasoned toward; and Islam itself essentially carries the possibility of ijtihad ("interpretation", a key concept in Shi'i Islam). He therefore advocated the use of deliberative democracy.

... Well, we listened to four or five other papers almost all of which were equally as interesting as these two, but these two are the only ones I have time to write about here. One of the other presenters, Forough Jahanbakhsh (all of whose paper was excellent) made the pertinent point that Iranians are nowadays "showing the way" in developing theories of Islam and democracy, and that "Religious intellectuals here have a better basis to do so than others because we have 25 years of experience of Islamic government to reflect on."

... Now, I just want to quickly put down a few of my own reactions to things that the people in the conference were saying. One is that Mohsen Kadivar's six points were all extremely thought-provoking-- and they all seemed to me to be totally compatible with Quaker faith and practice. No, I'm not saying that maybe the guy's a closet Quaker and he never knew it. I'm saying that it was exciting to hear him come out with so a set of propositions that are so congruent with the principles the Quakers have arrived at, and tried to live by, over the past 350 years. Especially (1), the fundamental principle of human equality, (2 & 3) the importance of-- as we understand it-- freedom of conscience and freedom of beief, (4 & 5) something akin to our principle of "continuing revelation", and (6), our own, Quaker-developed theories of internal and external governance. (We would say that in reasoning together collectively, our work is also guided by the Spirit. I imagine Kadivar might say the same thing, too.)

I also note that, in regard to Forough Jahanbakhsh's point, the Quakers also went through a big experience of trying to run a wordly government: in our case, that was William Penn's "Holy Experiment" in Pennsylvania, which turned out from many points of view to be a big disappointment. As I understand what happened, the short version of the story is that the Quakers running Pennsylvania were so liberal that-- in addition to providing a haven for members of other peace churches who were beng persecuted in Europe, like the Amish-- they also let a bunch of totally pacifistic, non-Quaker-like settlers come there, too; and soon enough they lost control over the government of the colony.

Well, I think that maybe the point here is that if members of faith communities want to keep true to their beliefs and their practices, maybe they should not try to run earthly governments, but rather try, firstly to live good, principled lives themselves, and secondly to affect public policy without seeking to take it over...

There's a whole lot more I could say on this subject, and probably will (here, or elsewhere; even better, perhaps in a continuing dialogue with Mohsen Kadivar?) But I must say that my experience in Iran this time seemed to confirm most of my general antipathy to the idea of a religious community trying to take over the governance of a state: I suspect that it ends up being good neither for the citizens of the state, nor for the state of actually religious practice and thought within the faith community itself. (It was, after all, a real setback for the actual practice of Christianity once the Christians ceased being fed to the lions and took over the Empire instead... Prime example of what went wrong there: it wasn't till that point that the "Christians" developed a concpet of a "just war" and abandoned the principled pacifism that had earlier been embedded in the Christian message.)

Update:

Here is a comment that 'SM' posted onto the other Comments board soon after I posted the main text there:
    "He argued that in traditional Islamic theories of fiqh, there was no theory of representation, but only a theory of agency (vekala) which as he noted is something significantly different."

    I would certainly like to hear a bit more about this.

    Taking all the political communities of the last 250 years into consideration, I have to say that the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania hasn't done too badly. It was an early abolisher of slavery, after all, and a big incubator of anti-slavery thought and feeling.
Posted by Helena Cobban at 08:16 AM | Comments (20)

December 03, 2004

"Islamo-fascist slut" fights back (peacefully)

The Comments boards here on JWN have hosted some really great discussions. They also, sadly, host some really nasty, commercially generated spam, much of it pornographic, that I'm constantly trying to control, ban, push back, fight, and reduce. Sorry to all readers about my shortcomings in that rergard.

... And then, there's "Michael Patton", a person who comes onto my Comments boards here, accuses me of being an "Islamo-fascist slut" and in addition lets fly with strings of deeply ignorant, xenophobic accusations and innuendoes that make the Comments boards feel very hostile indeed...

By the way Helena, the only country in the Middle East where Arab women can vote is in Israel.

Excuse me, Michael? Don't look now but your ignorance is definitely showing.

Tell us about your travels. Can you see out of your veil? How many women have you interviewed?
Can women there drive? Are their welts from being beaten by their husbands visible? Has female genital mutilation reached 50% in Iran yet?

Tell us Ms. Cobban, do people do anything in the Muslim world other than chant "death to America, Death to Israel?" How many suicide bomb factories have you visited? Did you provide your monthly donation to Hamas and Hezbollah yet?

... As our ambassador of hate, I'm sure you'll waste no time in visiting the Mullahs.

Yeah, well, I did have a really interesting time listening to one mullah, as recounted in the preceding post. But I guess once you get it into your head that one entire class of people-- "mullahs", "muslims", "Ay-rabs", or whatever-- are all bad, then you really can't even get your head around the really fascinating differences there are within these groups of people.

(Classing all members of a target group together as being equally despicable is also the first, worst step toward the generation of hate... Think how it would be if any of us said, "All Rabbis are bad." Why is "mullahs" as a class any different from that?)

So I'm sorry, Michael, that in spite of all the reproaches that other commenters have launched your way, you didn't clean up your act but just kept on spewing out the hate. Adios. Go spew the hate elsewhere, if you must.

I don't hate you. I'm truly sorry for you. You seem so consumed by hate that it has eroded all your critical faculties, your ability to look at any of the available evidence -- female genital mutilation? in Iran? where on earth did that come from?-- and your abilty to reason with any clarity at all.

I hope the condition gets better soon.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 02:58 PM | Comments (17)

Qom, Islam, views of democracy...

(Writing started Friday morning, Teheran airport.)

Yesterday, Thursday, was one of the most interesting days of this whole, two-month-long visit to the Middle East. In the morning, Bill and I went to Qom, the religious-studies center where Ayatollah Khomeini and numerous other architects of Iran's Islamic revolution received their intellectual training. In the afternoon, we spent nearly four hours at a conference in the Education Ministry where cutting-edge thinkers from today's Iran-- including one wearing the robes of trained mullah-- grappled with fundamental issues in the relationship between religion and democracy.

But I guess that before I take you through that day, I'd better back up a little...

When we arrived here at Teheran airport, Tuesday evening, we were still confidently thinking we'd soon be boarding a car and making the drive to the conference we'd been invited to at Ferdowsi University, in Mashhad. Eight hours? 10 hours? Eleven? We really didn't know how long the drive would be, but we figured we could sleep through it and arrive sometime the next morning for the two-day conference. Our dear friend from Charlottesville Abdel-Aziz Sachedina, one of the conference organizers, had told us that his Teheran-based friend F.H. would be helping us with the arrangements. Sure enough, as we exited from the Customs area at the airport, a friendly business executive in his late thirties came over to introduce himself to us as F.H...

But F.H. had some slightly disturbing news. Something-- we only learned later what it was-- had gone wrong with the arrangements in Mashhad. So now, instead of a two-day conference on Religion and Democracy there, there there would only be one short round-table discussion. Would it still be worth our while making the long drive, just for that? he asked. He seemed to think not, and he warmly invited us to stay with him for our time in Iran, instead. After some to-ing and fro-ing, that was what we decided to do.

He and his wife Rana were extraordinarily generous and kind to us. They are very pious, observing Muslims who live with their three kids in a lovely home in northern Teheran. In the basement of the home, there's a guest apartment, a large prayer room, an exercize-machine space, and a good-sized indoor swimming pool. By the time we arrived, Rana had made the guest space ready for us.

We spent some really interesting time visiting with the two of them and their kids, and on Wednesday they arranged a driver and translator to take us round Teheran a bit. We hadn't prepared for that in even the most basic way of getting a guidebook in advance, figuring out what we really wanted to see, etc. Bill and I had each been to Teheran once before-- separately, and before the 1978-79 revolution... Anyway, we had an interesting time in the city Wednesday-- and in the evening, we finally got to a bookstore where we found a local edition of the 2002 edition of the Lonely Planet guide to Iran to help refresh our very rusty memories of what's good to see and do in the country.

Based on that, a trip to Qom on Thursday definitely looked do-able. It's about 90-120 minutes' drive from Teheran We thought we might also take in Khashan, a small city a further hour away... F. immediately organized a driver and the same translator as before, for that trip. So on Thursday, we were just having breakfast prior to leaving for Qom when Aziz Sachedina called: the organizers of the conference had made arrangements to hold a second, follow-up session involving many of the participants, in Teheran, starting at 3 p.m. that day. And we were invited. It would be held at "a location yet to be disclosed."

I spoke with Sachedina during that call, and he confirmed the news we had heard from F. during the two preceding days. The "trouble" the conference had had at Mashhad had been the publication of threats of violence against five of the invited participants, should they be "bold" enough to make an appearance at Ferdowsi University. One of those threatened was Dr. Abdelkarim Soroush, an Iranian scholar of democracy and Islam who has worked at several leading universities in the U.S., and who currently lives and works in Germany. The issuance of these threats, and the failure of the local authorities in Mashhad to guarantee the safety of the threatened scholars meant that the conference organizers had not felt confident of being able to assure their safety if they should go there.

All this despite the fact that-- as Sachedina explained to me later-- the organizers at Ferdowsi University had been planning the conference for a year already, and had made sure to get all the relevant permissions for its holding, including the visas for participants, etc. (Ferdowsi, like all big universities in Iran is a government institution.)

Bill and I quickly figured we had time to get to Qom and back in time for the afternoon conference session, and set out on the trip. Within Iran, Mashhad and Qom are known as the two most important sites of Shi-ite pilgrimage and learning-- Qom, maybe, more for its learning, and Mashhad for its array of pilgrimage sites. But we figured that since we hadn't gotten to Mashhad, at least getting to Qom would be worthwhile, even though the L.P. seemed to say that "nonbelievers" couldn't get into the main central shrine at all...

Well, that luckily proved not to be true. We made a very lengthy drive through Teheran, headed south past the huge, mosque-like complex at Imam Khomeini's burial site to the southwest of the city, and took an excellent, modern highway through the stony desertto Qom, arriving on the outskirts of the city at around 11 .a.m.

We had learned beforehand that Qom (pop. 270,000 -- L.P.) is one of the most socially conservative cities in the country. The measure that nearly all Iranians use for that is the degree of hijab that women wear in public. And though I'd vowed before going to Iran that I really didn't want to get into the minutiae of this most-discussed of all issues, I should just say here there was indeed a notable contrast in dress-code between Teheran and Qom. In Teheran, many women-- the younger ones especially-- appear in public in tight blue jeans topped by some kind of a long shirt, usually black, that comes down to the mid-thigh-- and this is sometimes slit up the sides, as well. In the colder weather we're now exeriencing that item is often topped off with a big down jacket. Then over their hair, they'd wear a loose-ish scarf that would allow plenty of hair to show. In Teheran, you can also see many more conservative versions of hijab, including the all-enveloping chador cloth in plain black or sometimes a flowered fabric...

But on the streets of Qom as we drove in, all the women on the streets were in full black chador.

We drove through broad areas lined with greasy car mechanics, small retail stores, and two- and three-story housing blocks. Nearly everything in Qom seems to be built of the light yellow brick that is used from Iran eastwards through the rest of Central Asia.... As we got nearer the ciy center the streets got busier, more filled up with cars, motor-bikes, and small vans loaded with produce careening around every traffic circle. As we got nearer the shrine complex, too, the proportion amongst the pedestrians and the other drivers of men wearing the turbans and flowing brown or black robes of mullahs steadily increased...

In a cacophony of traffic we drove one time slowly right down the side of the shrine complex, peering back at it out of the car windows. But the driver knew where he was going: he drove on past the tiny alleys of the teeming central bazaar, described a broad loop, and came back on the other side of the shrine complex to dive down into a small yard that was being used for parking. We walked up past a row of colorful candy stores to one of the shrine entrances and were just making our way in when--

Before we left the house that morning, Rana, our hostess, had explained the Qom dress code to me, and she loaned me a large, black, square headscarf and a long monto (overcoat), of the type that usually satisfies all hijab restrictions. She made sure I knew how to tie the scarf so that none of my hair showed... So that's how I was entering the shrine in Qom: scarf tied just so; and just-above-the-ankles monto, worn over baggy black pants. (Okay so the monto, being rendered in a sort of leopard-skin print, wasn't exactly the most conservative thing on earth. At least it covered a lot-- and it wasvery, very warm!)

But one of the guards at the entrance of the shrine had definite views about the inappropriate way that both the translator--who was in a vastly baggy big black monto, and a slightly bright-colored scarf-- and I were dressed. Before we were allowed into the shrine the driver had to go back to one of the candy stores to rent out full-length black chadors for both of us. I've never worn one before. It is simply a single vast, almost semi-circular piece of fabric that is supported by divine power atop the head and then has to be held--or sometimes, discreetly tucked-- into place around the whole of the female form. Since I was also holding a purse and a small tote bag with a few things in, and since the chador they brought me seemed extremely long and capacious, I had a terrible time preventing the chador from all slithering to the floor, and also, preventing the draping ends from trailing onto the floor to trip me as I walked.

Once the translator and I were "appropriately" wrapped up, the guard in question went on, officiously waving a green feather duster in front of him, to chide many other people about their dress. We were by no means the only ones!

He had seemed a little hostile to us altogether, but soon another shrine official came and led us into the first of the courtyards. It was a broad area of polished marble, surrounded by buildings that were faced in beautifully intricate tilework in (mainly) aqua and white mosaic-ed tile, and the whole thing was topped by two tall domed buildings: one with the dome in the midstof being re-covered with gold leaf, the other with the same kind of mosaic-ed tile decoration. Perhaps eighty yards by eighty, perhaps, that first courtyard? Hundreds of pilgrims were milling about it. Many in family groups; some with almost Chinese-like, or certainly eastern Turkic faces; many in Afghan or Pakistani-style garb; all the women in full chadors. Imagine tryng to push a stroller or control an unruly child while managing a chador! There they were, doing unbelievably difficult things like that.

We were led through the first courtyard into a second one beyond it, and were taken to a reception room run by the "international relations department" of the shrine. A friendly English-speaking guy in his late thirties received us, and had us sit down while he told us about the shrine. I would have told you more of the details he gave us except that I was still trying how to figure out my chador, and also starting to overheat from having that wrapped around me on top of the long monto and everything else... He also gave us little packages of sugar candy that had been "blessed" by being touched to some portion of the shrine.

The shrine is old. It is built on the site of the grave of Fatima al-Masuma, the sister of Imam Reza (the eighth of the historical imams revered by Shi-ites, who is buried at Mashhad). Faima was on her way from Medina to Mashhad when she fell sick near Qom and eventually died there... sometime in the ninth century C.E.

Rather nice to have such an impressive shrine built to a woman, don't you think?

So around the shrine, a lot of theological training institutions had grown up over the years. I think the most important one in town is called the Faiziyah. That's where Khomeini and a lot of his colleagues had studied. Later, we drove past a couple of the theological schools: now, they are large, well-built complexes. The guy who talked to us in the shrine said there are 70,000 students in all the schools and colleges run under the auspices of the shrine, including special schools for non-Iranian students, and for women.

The shrine was striking for a number of reasons. Architecturally, it was certainly huge, distinctive, and generaly very lovely. (For me, the only really discordant esthetic note was the couple of large archways lined on the inside with complex, cascading arrays of mirrored glass... Extremely tacky, imho. But I guess whoever designed them must have really liked the effect.) Then, I always like visiting shrine sites and seeing the mix of other people who have also traveled there... In Qom, in addition, there's this strong sense of this place-- along with Najaf, where Khomieni also studied and taught for, I think, about 16 years-- having been the incubator for some sets of ideas that ended up significantly changing the politics and society in this part of the world.

We wandered over into the third of the big courtyards of the complex and looked at the large mosque that fronts onto it, with its fabulous, slightly onion-shaped, tiled dome and two stately minarets. We could not, however, go into either the mosque or the mausoleum of Fatima al-Masouma, these all being off-limits to non-believers...

Our next stop, once we'd deposited the chadors, was a visit to the house Khomeini lived in during his time in Qom. We could not, alas, get in there either-- we were told they had just closed for lunch. But it was a simple, one-story mud-brick house in a small alley not far from the shrine. As we'd been told, a very modest little place.

We got on the road quickly back to Teheran, stopping just out of Qom at a place that advertised itself as a "Fast food" restaurant. There, sure enough, a smiling row of two scarved young women and one young man were waiting to take orders for burgers, "Kentucky" chicken, pizzas, and fries... But it wasn't particularly "fast". (I heard someone remark that these kinds of places were becoming increasingly popular-- "because the mullahs really hate them, so you know if you go there you won't find any of them there.")

As we sped on back to Teheran with the sun behind us we had spectacular views of the salt lakes and red hills that stretch to the north of Qom.

...The translator got on the phone with F.H., and was given details of the "undisclosed location" at which the afternoon's conference session would be held. It was in a ninth-story conference room at the Education Ministry, very close to Teheran University. The driver dropped us there, and we entered the long, woode-paneled room just as (I think) the introductions were coming to an end.

(Continued, on the Dubai-Beirut flight, Friday afternoon):

...Which was a pity, because it was hard after that to figure out who was who. There were no name tents, and no name-badges. Oh well. There were probably 15-20 people there when we arrived, all but one of them male. Sachedine waved to us from the far side of the room and helped us get seated.

I think that few or none of the people from Ferdowsi University had come to Teheran for this session. But Sachedina and a couple of other people associated with the (U.S.-based) Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy, which had co-sponsored the conference, were certianly there. So were Abdelkarim Soroush -- who looks like a slightly younger version of Salman Rushdie-- and Mohsen Kadivar, a tall, gentle-looking figure in mullah's robes. Kadivar had also, with Soroush, been one of the targets of the threats made in Mashhad. Later, we were told that the regime put him in jail for two and a half years, a few years back, because of his writings. (Also, much more recently, Soroush was heckled and physically harrassed during a visit to Qom.)

These two both gave very insightful and clear presentations, as I shall attempt to summarize in what follows. I wish, though, that we could have had more time for discussion because there were certainly a couple of questions I wanted to ask them.

(The proceedings were all bilingual, with the presentations given in either English or Farsi and then afterwards rendered orally into the other language. Here, I'm relying mainly on the notes I took during the session, though I'll also refer to the abstracts of the presentations distributed by the conference organizers... Longer versions of the presentations will later be published as a book, though I believe some of them may be available before that on the CSID's website.)

Soroush started out by saying that though there are two main kinds of theries of democracy-- those that look only at its formal or procedural aspects, and those that attempt to build a full-blown theory of liberal democracy-- he wanted to concentrate at first on theories of formal democracy, and the compatibility of Islam with such a theory. He asserted forcefully that the era of seeking to "derive" theories of democracy from foundational Islamic texts (the Qur'an, the hadith) is no past, "because we'd be trying to conflate two different worlds, the traditonal and the modern". He argued that, "whatever is not incompatible with Islamic teaching can be called Islamic."

He said many parts of the theory of formal democracy could quite easily be seen as compatible with Islam, while other parts required more intellectual exploration. For example, regarding the separation of powers, he said that Ayatollah Mishkini had written broadly soon after the Islamic revolution in Iran on how this could be clearly derived from various suras and hadith. On the independence of the judiciary, he said that Muslims had had no problem with that, from the days of the Imam Ali on.

However, the two parts of a theory of formal democracy where he said considerably more work needed to be done by theorists of Islamic democracy were those relating to issues of political representation, and those relating to the bindingness of the decisions of a constituent assembly. (These are, in a sense, aspects of the same problem.)

He argued that in traditional Islamic theories of fiqh, there was no theory of representation, but only a theory of agency (vekala) which as he noted is something significantly different. This, in contrast to European ideas of the vox populi, or of the "general will", which can serve as theories of representation. On bindingness, he noted the distinctive differences between this and traditional Muslim theories of the purely advisory role of a "consultative council".

If Soroush was looking at the kind of intellectual work that theorists of Islamic democracy (or, Islamic theorists of democracy) need to be doing, Kadivar set out some of the intellectual/theological bases on which this work could be done.

He said this work has gone through two main stages. In the first, people looked at whether democracy was compatible with the kind of Islamic practiced and presented in the days of the Prophet and the caliphs. "This was not sophisticated," he said, "but the answer was Yes. However, it flew in the face of the evidence."

Then, as a second stage, people got more sophisticated and started using more detailed models. They started to understand that there are many models of democracy and many models of Islam, so the question became to figure out which of these could be identified as being compatible.

He then presented a theory of what he called "liberated democracy", based on six theses:
  1. All people are equal. (As opposed to the times of "historical Islam", which saw differential status and power applied as between males and females, members of different religions, or slaves and freemen.)
  2. The freedom to choose and live the religion of your choice, with this being conceived of as a continuous right (i.e., people have the right to change their religions)
  3. Any intervention in the life of an individual requires his consent.
  4. All religious claims are open to critical evaluation and discussion; any statement contrary to reason cannot be called religious.. (In this regard, he said if a society using its collective reason comes to agreement on religious matters, then this would be close to the workings of a deliberative democracy.)
  5. The view that there are two types of statements: those that are eternally true and those that are subject to change. Statements in the first group are all just, all rational, and all "better than alternative models". "If any religious statement lacks any of these attributes, one can conclude that it was a temporary one, and its time is over."
  6. Those statements meant to be eternal address issues above the understanding of most people. The other kind can be discerned through collective reasoning. The number of "eternal" statements is small. Therefore this leaves much, including the form of government, to be determined through collective reasoning.
He concluded by saying that democracy can't necessarily be derived from the inherited Islamic tradition but must be reasoned toward; and Islam itself essentially carries the possibility of ijtihad ("interpretation", a key concept in Shi'i Islam). He therefore advocated the use of deliberative democracy.

... Well, we listened to four or five other papers almost all of which were equally as interesting as these two, but these two are the only ones I have time to write about here. One of the other presenters, Forough Jahanbakhsh (all of whose paper was excellent) made the pertinent point that Iranians are nowadays "showing the way" in developing theories of Islam and democracy, and that "Religious intellectuals here have a better basis to do so than others because we have 25 years of experience of Islamic government to reflect on."

(Finished writing this back in Beirut, Friday evening):

Well, I wish I'd had time to write more about the conference. And I do have lots more observations to make about the little bit that we saw of Iran, as well. (Who'd have thought that, as we went in through the airport, almost all the immigration officials at the desks there would be female? There's only one other place that I know of in the Middle East where thats the case... )

I'll try to do all that later. But for now, I just want to quickly put down a few of my own reactions to things that the people in the conference were saying. One is that Mohsen Kadivar's six points were all extremely thought-provoking-- and they all seemed to me to be totally compatible with Quaker faith and practice. No, I'm not saying that maybe the guy's a closet Quaker and he never knew it. I'm saying that it was exciting to hear him come out with so a set of propositions that are so congruent with the principles the Quakers have arrived at, and tried to live by, over the past 350 years. Especially (1), the fundamental principle of human equality, (2 & 3) the importance of-- as we understand it-- freedom of conscience and freedom of beief, (4 & 5) something akin to our principle of "continuing revelation", and (6), our own, Quaker-developed theories of internal and external governance. (We would say that in reasoning together collectively, our work is also guided by the Spirit. I imagine Kadivar might say the same thing, too.)

I also note that, in regard to Forough Jahanbakhsh's point, the Quakers also went through a big experience of trying to run a wordly government: in our case, that was William Penn's "Holy Experiment" in Pennsylvania, which turned out from many points of view to be a big disappointment. As I understood what happened, the short version of the story is that the Quakers running Pennsylvania were so liberal that-- in addition to providing a haven for members of other peace churches who were beng persecuted in Europe, like the Amish-- they also let a bunch of totally pacifistic, non-Quaker-like settlers cme there, too; and soon enough they lost control over the government of the colony.

Well, I think that maybe the point here is that if members of faith communities want to keep true to their beliefs and their practices, they should not try to run earthly governments, but rather try, firstly to live good, principled lives themselves, and secondly to affect public policy without seeking to take it over...

There's a whole lot more I could say on this subject, and probably will (here, or elsewhere; even better, perhaps in a continuing dialogue with Mohsen Kadivar?) But I must say that my experience in Iran this time seemed to confirm most of my general antipathy to the idea of a religious community trying to take over the governance of a state: I suspect that it ends up being good neither for the citizens of the state, nor for the state of actually religious practice and thought within the faith community itself. (It was, after all, a real setback for the actual practice of Christianity once the Christians ceased being fed to the lions and took over the Empire instead... Prime example of what went wrong there: it wasn't till that point that the "Christians" developed a concpet of a "just war" and abandoned the principled pacifism that had earlier been embeded in the Christian message.)

Anyway, I need to get on with some things now. Including, catching up with what's been going on in the world in general while we've been in Iran.
Posted by Helena Cobban at 02:02 PM | Comments (2)

December 01, 2004

From Teheran

We got to Teheran. Never made it to Mashhad for reasons I'll explain later. Today we had a great tour round the bazaars here. We're being hosted by an extraordinarily kind and very religious Iranian family, after the plans for Mashhad fell through. More later.

Posted by Helena Cobban at 10:10 AM | Comments (20)